HTML Fundamentals Flashcards
Blank is Text that contains connections to other documents.
Hypertext
Blank is Part of a document that explains how to interpret or structure other parts of the document.
Markup
Blank is A set of rules describing how to write HTML.
Language
HTML defines over blank elements.
130
An blank is a single HTML structure
element
Elements are represented with blank.
HTML tags
An blank is a markup instruction identified by <, the tag name, and >.
HTML tag
An blank indicates the starting point in the document where the tag takes effect.
opening tag
A blank indicates the ending point in the document where the tag stops having an effect.
closing tag
The blank, produced by WHATWG, defines the minimal parts of an HTML document
HTML Living Standard
The blank declaration instructs the web browser about what type of document follows
<!DOCTYPE html>
The blank and blank enclose everything but the <!DOCTYPE html> declaration. <html lang="en"> indicates that the document’s language is English.
<html> opening and closing tags
</html>
The blank and blank contain the document title, document metadata, and various other elements that are typically not displayed in the webpage.
<head> opening and closing tags
</head>
The blank tag specifies metadata, which is data that describes the document’s data. <meta></meta> describes how characters are represented in the HTML document. Additional <meta></meta> tags may be used to indicate when the document was saved, who the author is, etc.
<meta></meta>
The blank and blank enclose the name of the document. The title is usually displayed in the browser’s titlebar, is used by search engines, and is used for bookmarking.
<title> opening and closing tags
</title>
The blank and blank enclose all elements and content to be rendered in the browser.
<body> opening and closing tags
</body>
A blank provides additional information about the tag and is included only in the opening tag.
tag attribute
An attribute has a blank and a blank, specified using the form: name=”value”. Ex: <meta></meta> has an attribute named charset with value “UTF-8”.
name and a value
The <meta></meta> element does not use a closing tag because <meta></meta> is a blank
void element.
A blank is an element that only needs an opening tag. Other void elements include <img></img> for displaying an image and <input></input> for obtaining user input.
void element
Omitting the DOCTYPE from an HTML document or placing any characters before the DOCTYPE causes the web browser to render the document in blank mode
quirks
Blank mode is a browser rendering mode that renders a webpage using non-standard layout rules emulating older web browsers.
Quirks
A webpage with the DOCTYPE is rendered using blank mode, which uses the HTML Living Standard.
standards
The blank tag is optional but is included anyway in most webpages.
<head>
</head>
Instruction to web browser that specifies the document type.
the <!DOCTYPE html> declaration.
Tag that marks the beginning of the HTML document.
The <html> tag
Tag that specifies the character encoding used in the document.
The <meta></meta>
Tag that names the document.
The <title> element</title>
HTML content displayed by the browser.
The <body> tags
Tag that marks the end of the HTML document.
The </html> closing tag
In Chrome, right-clicking (Windows) or Ctrl-clicking (Mac) and choosing blank from the menu shows the webpage’s HTML. A quicker method is to use the keyboard shortcut Ctrl+U (Windows) or ⌘+Option+U (Mac). Most webpages use complex HTML with CSS and JavaScript, so the HTML can be hard to read.
“View page source”
A user on a desktop/laptop computer can instruct a browser to show a blank. A web search for “View webpage HTML in Chrome” (or another browser) yields instructions
webpage’s HTML
A user can also use a browser’s blank to view a webpage’s HTML elements.
development tools
Chrome blank is a collection of web development tools that are built into the desktop Chrome browser. Pressing Ctrl+Shift+I (Windows) or ⌘+Option+I (Mac) opens Chrome DevTools. Other desktop browsers have similar development tools.
DevTools
The browser’s internal representation and the webpage’s actual HTML may blank.
differ slightly
A blank feature is part of a language that is officially discouraged because newer or better features exist, or because the blank feature is no longer considered safe. Ex: The <center> tag is an officially blank tag that should no longer be used.</center>
deprecated
Browsers handle improperly structured HTML and deprecated tags differently and unpredictably. The only way to have predictable browser behavior is to blank.
use valid HTML
An blank checks that an HTML document conforms to the standard. Good practice is to use tools like the W3C Markup Validator to check document conformance.
HTML validator
A blank is the basic unit of text in an HTML document.
paragraph
A paragraph is enclosed in HTML by the blank opening and closing tags. Browsers visually separate paragraphs from other text with spacing above and below.
<p>
</p>
A common error is forgetting the closing </p> tag, or trying to put a paragraph inside of another paragraph. The web browser might render nested <p> tags visually correct, but an HTML validator will generate a blank.
non-visible error
A blank character is an unprinted character such as the spaces between words and lines of text. Browsers treat all sequences of blank as a single space between non-blankcharacters.
whitespace
The <br></br> tag creates a blank in a paragraph, such that the content after the blank appears on a new line. Good practice is to use <br></br> when the line break is essential to the content, such as lines in a poem or mailing address, and not just to add spacing for formatting a webpage
line break
The <br></br> tag is a void element, an HTML tag that does not have a blank
closing tag.
A blank is a collection of related content.
section
Many documents can be organized into sections, with each section being wrapped in a blank tag.
<section>
</section>
A blank provides a title for each section.
heading
Blank are bold by default and are visually separated from the other text by extra spacing.
Headings
Heading tags exist for the first blank levels of sections
six
Good practice is to label each section with a heading and to select a heading tag that matches the blank. A common error is to choose a heading tag based on the desired font size.
document’s hierarchical structure
blank tags should appear outside of and immediately before paragraph tags.
Heading
A blank tag should contain a heading tag, but a heading should only have text in between the opening and closing tags.
<section>
</section>
The blank tag indicates emphasized text, such as text having an emphasized pronunciation when spoken, and is italicized by default.
<em></em>
The blank tag indicates text that has strong importance, and is bolded by default.
<strong></strong>
The blank tag denotes a title, such as a book or song title, and is italicized by default.
<cite></cite>
The blank tag denotes important content that should be semantically highlighted and is rendered with a yellow background by default.
<mark></mark>
The blank tag indicates text that needs attention, like key words in a document abstract or product names in a review, and renders the text in bold
<b></b>
The blank tag indicates text in an alternative voice, such as a word or phrase in a foreign language, and is rendered using italics
<i></i>
The blank tag denotes text that should appear differently from normal text, such as misspelled words, and is underlined by default
<u></u>
tag for a variable in a computer program
<var></var>
tag for Keyboard input
<kbd></kbd>
tag for Computer code
<code></code>
tag for Sample output from a computer
<samp></samp>
An HTML blank is a portion of the document that is not displayed by the browser.
comment
A comment begins with the blank character sequence and ends with the blank character sequence
<!--
-->
An blank list is a collection of items, usually indented and shown using bullets, surrounded by the <ul> opening and closing tags.
unordered
Each list item is surrounded by blank opening and closing tags.
<li>
</li>
An blank list is a sequenced collection of items, usually indented and shown using numbers or letters, surrounded by the <ol> opening and closing tags.
ordered
As with an unordered list, each list item is surrounded by <li> opening and closing tags. The <ol> tag’s numbering scheme is specified with the blank
type attribute
type=”1” in an ordered list
Numbers (default)
type=”A” in an ordererd list
Uppercase letters
type=”a” in an ordered list
Lowercase letters
type=”I” in an ordered list
Uppercase Roman numerals
type=”i” in an ordered list
Lowercase Roman numerals
he CSS property blank provides the ability to change the bullet used in an unordered list and offers more numbering options in an ordered list.
list-style-type
A blank is a list within a list item of another list.
nested list
A nested unordered list uses a blank style, and a nested ordered list blank.
different bullet
restarts at 1
A blank is an HTML structure surrounded by the <table> opening and closing tags that allows data to be organized in rows and columns
table
A blank is a location in the table at a specific row and column.
cell
The blank opening and closing tags create a table row, which contains all the row’s cells.
<tr>
</tr>
The blank opening and closing tags create a new table cell containing table header information about the data. Usually, the browser displays table headers centered with a bold font.
<th>
</th>
The blank opening and closing tags create a new table cell containing table data.
<td>
</td>
A table caption defines a short descriptive text for a table and is created with blank tags
<caption>
</caption>
The caption opening and closing tags must immediately follow the blank tag. A web browser typically renders the table caption centered above the table.
opening table
A single table cell occupies a single row and column by default, but a cell may span multiple columns or multiple rows using the blank attribute and blank attribute to specify how many columns or rows to span
colspan and rowspan
The colspan and rowspan attributes apply to blank and blank tags.
<td> and <th>
</th></td>
The blank tag specifies the table header.
<thead>
</thead>
The blank tag specifies the table body.
<tbody>
</tbody>
The blank tag specifies the table footer
<tfoot>
</tfoot>
The <thead>, <tbody>, and <tfoot> tags do not affect the layout of the table, but browsers may use the tags to enable the table body to blank independently of the header and footer or to blank the header and footer on each page of a multi-page table printout.
scroll
print
The blank tag displays an image in a webpage
<img></img>
The <img></img> tag does not enclose any content and is therefore a blank with no closing tag.
void element
The <img></img> tag has what two common attributes:
The src attribute
The alt attribute
The blank is a mandatory attribute that specifies the URL of the image file to display.
src attribute
The blank provides a text description to use as an alternative to displaying the image.
alt attribute
The blank attribute and blank attribute are optional <img></img> attributes that tell the browser how many pixels the image should occupy.
width and height
If the specified width and height are different from the image’s actual size, the browser will blank the image for display.
resize
An image’s blank is the ratio of the image width to the image height
aspect ratio
The aspect ratio is written as blank. Ex: An image 500 pixels wide and 250 pixels high has an aspect ratio of 500:250, which simplifies to 2:1.
width:height
If an <img></img> contains only a width or only a height attribute, the image’s blank is maintained.
aspect ratio
If an <img></img> specifies a width and height different from the image’s blank, the browser will distort the image to match the specified attribute values.
aspect ratio
Web browsers support what three popular image formats:
JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)
PNG (Portable Network Graphics
GIF (Graphics Interchange Format)
The blank image format is commonly used for digital photographs.
JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)
The blank image format is commonly used for line art, screenshots, or images requiring transparency.
PNG (Portable Network Graphics)
The blank image format is commonly used for simple animated images.
GIF (Graphics Interchange Format)
JPEG images use blank, meaning that some of the original picture information is lost when compressed.
lossy compression
A photograph is best saved as a blank because humans cannot easily perceive the quality loss in a photograph
JPEG image
PNG and GIF images use blank, meaning no image quality is lost. Blank works best when a large number of adjacent pixels are the same color.
lossless compression
JPEG and PNG images can display blank, which is approximately 16 million different colors
true color (24-bit color),
GIF images are limited to only blank, but GIF images can display animations, which are popular on social media.
256 colors (8-bit color)
The blank image format by Mozilla adds animation capability to PNG with true color support.
APNG
The blank format is an XML format that describes an image as a series of shapes and lines.
SVG image
The blank format by Google supports true color, transparency, and animation.
WebP image
The blank format supports transparency, lossy or lossless compression, and higher compression rates.
AVIF image
A blank is a small icon that identifies a website and typically displays in a browser tab
favicon
A favicon is defined with a blank tag, which defines a link between a webpage and an external resource.
<link></link>
The blank tag <a> defines a hyperlink in a webpage.</a>
anchor
A blank, or link, specifies where other information is located and what action the web browser should perform when a user clicks the blank.
hyperlink
A hyperlink has what three parts:
the opening <a> tag with the href attribute,
the content displayed for the link ,
and the closing </a> tag.
The blank attribute specifies the hyperlink’s URL.
href
Hyperlink used to send requests and responses that are readable only by the client and server.
HTTPS
Hyperlink used to send requests and responses over the Internet without encryption.
HTTP
Hyperlink used to send email.
mailto
Hyperlink used to refer to a document on the same computer as the web browser.
file
Hyperlink used to transfer data files.
ftp
An blank is a complete URL. Ex: <a>test</a> is a hyperlink using the blank http://example.com/test.html.
absolute URL
A blank specifies the relative path to the web resource with no scheme or hostname. Ex: <a>test</a> uses the blank test.html to refer to an HTML document on the same website and with the same path as the current HTML document.
relative URL
A relative URL may use blank in front of a filename to indicate the file is one directory above the current HTML document.
two periods followed by a forward slash (../)
A URL can point to a blank of a document by adding a hash tag (#) and a fragment identifier at the end of the URL. Ex: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science#History refers to the “History” section of the “Computer_science” page on Wikipedia.
section, or fragment,
Adding the id attribute to any HTML tag creates a blank, permitting URLs to link directly to the id’s location in the document.
fragment identifier
Several rules exist for an id value. Name them (4)
May be composed of any characters except whitespace characters. Ex: “history 123” is invalid because of the space.
Cannot start with a number. Ex: “3section” is invalid.
Is case sensitive. Ex: “History” and “history” are different ids.
Must be unique in the document. Ex: Two elements both using “history” is invalid.
Good practice is to choose id values that start with a letter and are composed of blank, blank, blank and blank.
only letters, digits, dashes (-), and underscores (_)
The content in a hyperlink may be any valid HTML or text. A blank uses an image inside a hyperlink instead of text.
A graphical hyperlink or image link
An anchor tag’s blank indicates how the browser should display the link when clicked.
target attribute
The blank value is the default and indicates the browser will open the link in the same tab or window.
_self attribute
The blank value indicates the browser will open the link in a new tab or window.
_blank attribute
An blank is a mechanism for writing special characters or symbols in HTML, such as mathematical symbols, characters in most languages, and many other symbols.
entity
Many HTML entities can be specified by blank.
name
The < character normally marks the beginning of a tag, so blank is used to display the < character when < is not part of a tag.
<
The & character marks the beginning of an entity name, so blank is used to display the & character when & does not start an entity name.
&
A blank is an inter-word character that permits treating the words on both sides to be one word.
non-breaking character
A non-breaking hyphen, blank, looks like a regular hyphen but acts like a normal character in the middle of a word.
A non-breaking space, blank, looks like a single space but acts like a normal character in the middle of a word.
The non-breaking space is also useful for displaying blank between words
more than one space
A blank is a blueprint, showing where the future content will be arranged.
wireframe
