Introduction_ L1 TQs Flashcards
Define toxicology.
- The effects of poisons on the FXN. of living systems
- Includes ecotoxicity
Who said “The dose makes the posion”?
Paracelsus
(grandfather of toxicology)
Which of the following compounds in most toxic?
- Aspirin
- Morphine
- Nicotine
- Caffeine
Nicotine
What is Clinical Toxicology?
What does it include?
Effects of a substance in the direct environment of the animal
- Medications
- Feed/Feed contaminants
- Contact materials
- Accidental exposure
What is the most common source of toxin exposure in companion animals?
Parasite control
What is the most common source of exposure in Farm Animals?
Feed contamination
What is the formula to determine the toxic effects of a substance?
Intoxication concentration (mg/Kg)
x
duration of exposure
- What is the substance in Garlic and Onions that is responsible for its toxicity in Dogs & Cats?
- What is its MOA?
- N-propyl sulfoxides
- Gluc-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors ⇒ glutathione depletion in RBCS ⇒ hemolytic anemia & heinz body formation
What is the toxic dose of Garlic and Onions in Dogs?
15-30 g
What is the toxic dose of Garlic & Onions in Cats?
5 g/kg
- What are Adverse Drug Rxns?
- What are the 2 types?
- Noxious or unintended responses occurring at therapeutic doses
- Type A (Augmented) & Type B (Bizarre)
Give 3 examples of Type A ADRs.
- Anti-coagulants ⇒ hemorrhage
- Anxiolytics ⇒ sedation
- Opioids ⇒ respiratory depression
Give 3 examples of Type B ADRs.
- Penicillin ⇒ anaphylaxis
- Halothane ⇒ allergic liver damage
- Chloramphenicol ⇒ bone marrow depression
What is needed to cause a Hypersensitivity Rxn?
Hapten + endogenous protein (Ag)
5 Drugs that cause Cutaneous Hypersensitivity Rxns?
- Lidocaine
- Penicillin
- Phenobarb
- Sulfamethoxazole
- Trimethoprim
2 Drugs that cause Hepatic Hypersensitivity Rxns?
- Halothane
- Streptomycin
3 drugs that cause Hemotological hypersensitiviy rxns?
- Genatmycin
- Penicillin
- Sulphamethoxazole
8 drugs that cause Systemic Anaphylaxis
- Aspirin
- Cephalosporins
- Penicillin
- Quinolone antibiotics
- Tetracycline
- Trimethoprim
- Vancomycin
- Vincristine
How does a Type I Hypersensitivity Rxn occur?
A conjugated hapten binds to IgE ⇒
Histamine + Serotonin + Leukotrienes
How does a Type II Hypersensitivity Rxn occur?
Cell-surface protein + IgG ⇒
Activated cells attack host cells bearing hapten
How does a Type III Hypersensitivity Rxn occur?
Conjugated hapten + IgG ⇒ compliment formation
(Immune mediated complex dz)
How does a Type IV Hypersensitivity Rxn occur?
Cell-surface protein + T killer cell ⇒
Delayed-type hypersensitivy
What is an Idiosyncratic Rxn?
- genetically determined abnormal reactivity to a chemical
- extreme sensitiviy to low/high doses
When do Idiosyncratic Rxns typically occur?
First 1-2 months of drug therapy
Which drug can cause idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity in dogs?
Carprofen
Give 3 examples of drugs that cause Delayed Toxicity and when these toxicities occur.
- Asbestos toxicosis ⇒ years later
- Diethylstillbestrol (DES) ⇒ skips generations
- Organophosphate induced polyneuropathy ⇒ delayed
How does Systemic toxicity differ from local toxicity?
Systemic toxicity ⇒
requires absorption and distribution
