Introduction (W1) Flashcards
Name the different planes of the body
- transverse
- sagittal
- coronal
Name the different positions relating to the long axis of the body
- superior
- inferior
- anterior
- posterior
- medial
- lateral
Name the different positions relating to long axis of the CNS
- rostral (towards head)
- caudal (towards tail)
- dorsal (towards back)
- ventral (towards belly)
What are the function of the nervous system
- Gather sensory information from external and internal
- Integrate information for assessment and meaning (somatosensory)
- Effect a motor response
- Regulate body homeostasis for optimal performance
Explain the organisation of the nervous system
CNS - brain and spinal cord
PNS - all the neurons in the body
- divided into motor and sensory neurons
- motor divides into somatic (voluntary control) and autonomic (involuntary control + regualtion)
- autonomic = parasympathetic, sympathetic and enteric (gut digestion)
What is the order of processes when reacting to a stimulus
PNS - reception of information
CNS - integration, analysis and response
PNS - transmission of response
What is ganglia
collection of neuronal cell body found outside the CNS
- sensory and autonomic ganglia
How dies the adult brain develop
neural tubes form vesicles in development which give rise to adult structures
Why does the neural tube have a central cavity
contains vesicles which are filled with cerebrospinal fluid
What are the primary vesicles of the brain
- Prosencephalon (forebrain)
- Mesencephalon (midbrain)
- Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
What do the primary vesicles develop into
- Prosencephalon (forebrain) - Telencephalon & Diencephalon
- Mesencephalon (midbrain) - stay same
- Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) - Metencephalon & Myelencephlon
What structures as in the Telencephalon and Diencephalon
Tel - Cerebral hemispheres & basal ganglia
Die - Thalamus & hypothalamus
What structures are in the Mesencephalon
Midbrain
What structures are in the Metencephalon and Myelencephaon
Met - Pons & Cerebellum
Mye - Medulla
What is a gyrus
a ridge of the unfolded cerebral cortex , valley between ridges is called sulcus
What is the functions of the:
- Motor
- Parietal
- Temporal
- Occipital lobe
Motor
- motor planning , personality and judgment
Parietal
- spatial awareness & somatosensory
Temporal
- auditory & balance
Occipital
- visual processing , facial recognition
Where are Broca’s and Wernicke ares loacted and what do they do
Broca’s
- back of Frontal lobe (left hemisphere)
- speech production
Wernicke
- Temporal lobe (left hemisphere)
- language understanding
What is Brodmann’s area
52 distinct regions all different regions and different functions
What is the caudate
- internal structure of the brain
- C -shaped lies deep inside brain near the thalamus
What is the function of the;
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- relay and processing site for information
- main regulator for autonomic and endocrine function, homeostasis and reproductive functions
What is the function of the cerebellum
Regulation of somatic motor outputs from other brain and spinal cord centres
Name the components of the cytoskeleton
Microtubules - tubulins
Microfilaments - actin
Intermediate filaments
What are glial cells
provide structural , metabolic and defensive support for nervous tissue
What glial cells are found in the CNS
- Astrocytes
- Oligodendrocytes
- Ependymal cells
- Microglia
- Stem cell
What glial cells are found in the PNS
- Satellite cells
- Schwann cell
What is the function of astrocytes
- maintain the environment
- insulate neuronal cell bodies and dendrites at non-synaptic sites
- metabolic energy generation in nuerons
What is the function of oligodendrocytes
- insulate axons preventing their spontaneous or accidental depolarisation
- produce myelin by wrapping around axon mutiple times
What is the function of ependymal cells
- line ventricles of brain and spinal cord
What is the function of microglia
- defensive cells
- perform functions of the macrophages
What is the function of satellite cells
- similar to astrocytes
