Introduction to Water Treatment 060401e Flashcards

1
Q

Where does essentially all of the fresh water supply come from?

A

Precipitation that falls on the land areas

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2
Q

The quantitative capacity of a water or water solution to neutralize an acid?

A

Alkalinity

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3
Q

The process of adding oxygen to water for oxidation of matter such as iron or to cause the release of dissolved gases such as dioxide or hydrogen sulphide from water

A

Aeration

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4
Q

The process in which beds of a filter or ion exchange media are subjected to flow opposite service flow direction to loosen the bed and to flush suspended matter collected during the service run to waste

A

Backwash

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5
Q

What elements when dissolved causes hardness in water?

A

Calcium and magnesium

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6
Q

What term is often used interchangeably with demineralization?

A

Deionization

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7
Q

One grain per US gallon is equal to how many milligrams per litre or parts per million?

A

17.1 mg/l or ppm

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8
Q

One grain per imperial gallon equals how many milligrams or ppm?

A

14.3

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9
Q

Trade name for a particular type of air induction or injector valve

A

Hydrocharger

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10
Q

A reversible process in which ions are released from an insoluble permanent material in exchange for other ions in a surrounding solution

A

Ion exchange

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11
Q

What is used to regenerate a manganese greensand filter?

A

Potassium permanganate

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12
Q

The percentage of TDS removed from the feed water

A

Rejection

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13
Q

Any water that contains less than 1.0 gpg of hardness minerals expressed as calcium carbonate

A

Soft water

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14
Q

The removal of calcium and magnesium, the ions with are the principal cause of hardness from water

A

Water softening

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15
Q

Porous media where grains are not connected to each other are considered what?

A

Unconsolidated

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16
Q

Media where the grains are cemented together is called what?

A

Consolidated

17
Q

Rocks in which the groundwater moves through cracks, joints and fractures in otherwise solid rock?

A

Fractured aquifer

18
Q

An aquifer that lies beneath layers of impermeable materials?

A

Confined aquifer or artesian aquifer

19
Q

Aquifers that are bounded by the water table?

A

Unconfined awuifer

20
Q

One of the most important changes in groundwater chemistry occurs where?

A

In the soil

21
Q

What kind of wells usually contain lower amounts of hardness and other dissolved materials?

A

Shallow wells

22
Q

What is the most common impurity in water?

A

Water hardness

23
Q

Hardness Minerals + Heat = ?

A

Scale

24
Q

Hardness Minerals + Soap = ?

A

Scum

25
Q

How do you convert part per million (ppm) to grains per US gallon?

A

Divide ppm by 17.1

26
Q

What are the 3 designations for the term hardness?

A

Total hardness

Temporary hardness

Permanent hardness

27
Q

Very hard water is unfit for human consumption unless it is softened by treatment to less than how many grains per gallon?

A

12 gpg

28
Q

It is recommended that hardness should not exceed how many gpg in household applications?

A

3.5

29
Q

What causes temporary water hardness?

A

Bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium dissolved in water cause temporary hardness (settle out at 140°F)

30
Q

What causes permanent hardness in water?

A

Carbonates of calcium and magnesium in addition to sulphates, nitrates and other chemicals (settle out at 299°F)

When water is evaporated, this permanent hardness remains behind in the boiler because it will not vaporize

31
Q

What is point source water pollution?

A

When you know the cause and the point of origin

32
Q

What is non-point source water pollution?

A

When you don’t know what’s polluting the water source

33
Q

Clean rain has a pH value of what?

A

5.6

34
Q

Water with a hardness of 0.5 gpg would be considered what?

A

Soft