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CELS191 Questions > Introduction to Viruses > Flashcards

Introduction to Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

What are viruses?

A

Acellular microorganisms (biological) that cannot survive without a host: no metabolic abilities of their own “a borrowed life”

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2
Q

What do viruses rely on?

A

Completely on biosynthetic machinery of an infected cell to multiply

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3
Q

What is the most abundant biological entity on earth?

A

Viruses

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4
Q

What are viruses also?

A

Parasitic entities that hijack molecular resources of the host

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5
Q

What size is viruses?

A

10-400nm

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6
Q

What do viruses consist of?

A

2 parts and in some cases a third part

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7
Q

What are the 2 parts of the virus?

A

genetic material and capsid

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8
Q

What is the genetic material?

A

Made from either DNA or RNA

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9
Q

What is a capsid?

A

A protein coat that surrounds and protects the genetic material

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10
Q

What is the third part of a virus?

A

Envelope of lipids

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11
Q

What does the envelope of lipids do?

A

Surrounds the protein coat when they are outside the cell

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12
Q

What are capsids made of?

A

Multiple units of the same protein building block known as capsomers

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13
Q

What are capsomers?

A

Subunit of the capsid arranged in a precise and highly repetitive pattern around the nucleic acid

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14
Q

How many types of symmetry is there for capsids and capsomers?

A

3

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15
Q

What are the 3 types of symmetry?

A

Helical, icosahedral and complex

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16
Q

What is the helical arrangement?

A

Nucleic acid within helical structure of capsomers

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17
Q

What is the size of helical?

A

18x250nm

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18
Q

What is icosahedral?

A

20 face polyhedron- each face is an equilateral triangle-icosahedron

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19
Q

What is the size of icosahedral?

A

70-90nm diameter

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20
Q

What is complex?

A

The head has icosahedral symmetry and tail is helical

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21
Q

What is the size of complex?

A

80x225nm

22
Q

What is the viral genome made up of?

A

Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)

23
Q

What could the viral genome be?

A

linear, circular or segmented

24
Q

What can the sizes of the viral genome vary from?

A

4,000 to 1 million nucleotides (3 genes to 100-1000)

25
Q

What possible forms of RNA and DNA are found in viruses?

A

Single stranded and double stranded RNA and DNA

26
Q

What do viruses infect?

A

All cell types ad all forms of life

27
Q

What is the host organism?

A

An organism a virus infects

28
Q

What is the host cell?

A

A cell a virus multiplies in

29
Q

What are bacteriophages?

A

Viruses that infect and replicate in bacteria

30
Q

What were bacteriophages heralded as?

A

A potential treatment for diseases such as typhoid and cholers

31
Q

What are the types of bacteriophage infections in bacteria?

A

Lytic infection (virulent) and Lysogenic infection

32
Q

What happens in lytic infection?

A

Host cell dies

33
Q

What is the first step of lytic infection?

A

Attachment

34
Q

What happens after attachment?

A

Entry of phage DNA and degradation of host DNA

35
Q

What happens after entry of phage DNA and degradation of host DNA?

A

Synthesis of viral genomes and proteins

36
Q

What happens after synthesis of viral genomes and proteins?

A

Self assembly (complex and highly regulated)

37
Q

What happens after self assembly?

A

Release

38
Q

What is the burst size?

A

100-200 particles

39
Q

What is the length of the lytic cycle?

A

20-30 minutes

40
Q

What happens in lysogenic infection?

A

Host cell survives

41
Q

What is the first step of lysogenic infection?

A

Phage DNA integrates into bacterial chromosome&raquo_space; prophage

42
Q

What happens after phage DNA integrates into bacterial chromosome?

A

Phage genome is silent- transcription of prophage genes is inhibited - does not kill the host

43
Q

What happens after phage genome is silent- transcription of prophage genes is inhibited - does not kill the host?

A

Prophage is copied with bacterial chromosome

44
Q

What happens after prophage is copied with bacterial chromosome?

A

Many cell divisions create many infected bacteria (daughter cell with prophage)

45
Q

What happens after many cell divisions create many infected bacteria (daughter cell with prophage)?

A

Occasionally, a prophage exits the bacterial chromosome initiating a lytic cycle

46
Q

What happens first in the HIV life cycle?

A

Entry and removal capsid proteins

47
Q

What happens after entry and removal of capsid proteins?

A

Synthesis of a DNA strand complementary to the viral RNA

48
Q

What happens after synthesis of a DNA strand complementary to the viral RNA?

A

Incorporation of double stranded DNA into the cells DNA

49
Q

What happens after incorporation of double stranded DNA into the cells DNA?

A

Transcription of proviral genes and manufacture of viral proteins

50
Q

What happens after transcription of proviral of double stranded DNA into the cells DNA?

A

Assembly of new virus particles

51
Q

What happens after assembly of new virus particles?

A

Exit of new virus particles from the cell

CELS191 Questions (24 decks)

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