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CELS191 Questions > Cell Structure & Diversity- Diversity, Building Blocks of Life & The Plasma Membrane > Flashcards

Cell Structure & Diversity- Diversity, Building Blocks of Life & The Plasma Membrane Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of life?

A

Metabolism, Reproduction, Sensitivity (Response to. Stimuli), Heredity, Cellular Organisation, Homeostasis, Adaptation through Evolution, Growth and Development

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2
Q

Are eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells larger?

A

Eukaryotic

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3
Q

Why are eukaryotic cells larger than prokaryotic?

A

Because they have a nucleus

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4
Q

What is evolution?

A

Change over time

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5
Q

What is natural selection?

A

The reproductive success of the members of a population best adapted to the environment.

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6
Q

What is required for natural selection?

A

Variation, Inheritance, Selection, Time

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7
Q

What does natural selection act on?

A

Organisms and biological molecules

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8
Q

What does a phylogenetic tree show?

A

The shared characteristics of different organisms

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9
Q

What does the endosymbiosis theory state?

A

Two key organelles in eukaryotes are derived from bacteria

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10
Q

What organelles are derived from bacteria?

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

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11
Q

How did mitochondria and chloroplasts become part of eukaryotes?

A

They were engulfed by the ancestors of eukaryotes.

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12
Q

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

Membrane enclosed organelles are present in eukaryotes and not prokaryotes?

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13
Q

What evidence is there to show that mitochondria and chloroplasts weren’t originally parts of cells?

A

Double membranes, reproduction independent of mitosis and they have their own ribosomes and DNA.

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14
Q

What has a nuclear envelope?

A

Eukarya

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15
Q

What has membrane-enclosed organelles?

A

Eukarya

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16
Q

What has peptidoglycan in cell walls?

A

Bacteria

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17
Q

What has circular chromosomes?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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18
Q

What grows at greater than 100 degrees celsius?

A

Archaea

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19
Q

What are the building blocks of life?

A

amino acids, nucleobases, simple carbohydrates, glycerol, fatty acids and hydrocarbon rings

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20
Q

What are the four macromolecules?

A

Protein, DNA+RNA, Complex carbohydrates and lipids

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21
Q

What are the supramolecular assemblies?

A

Membranes, ribosomes and chromatin

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22
Q

What are the main four organelles?

A

Nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum

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23
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

Organic biological molecules necessary for life

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24
Q

How are macromolecules formed?

A

By the polymerisation of building blocks (except for lipids)

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25
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

Single unit building blocks of carbohydrates

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26
Q

What is the name of a monosaccharide with 5 carbons?

A

Pentose

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27
Q

What is the name of a monosaccharide with 6 carbons?

A

Hexose

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28
Q

How are disaccharides formed?

A

When two monosaccharides join by glycosidic linkage with a covalent bond between them

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29
Q

What are oligosaccharides?

A

Formed when 3-10 monosaccharides link together

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30
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Formed when more than 10 monosaccharides link together

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31
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

A

Recognition, Energy and Structure

32
Q

What are the five nucleobases?

A

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine, Uracil

33
Q

What makes up a nucleotide?

A

Phosphate, Nucleobase and Sugar

34
Q

What is the structure of RNA?

A

Single stranded helix

35
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

Double stranded helix

36
Q

What do the phosphates join to in DNA and RNA?

A

The third carbon of the following sugar

37
Q

What are proteins?

A

Polymers of amino acids

38
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

39
Q

What is the difference between amino acids?

A

The R group

40
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A

Catalytic, structural, storage, contractile, regulatory, transport, toxic, protective

41
Q

What is different about lipids compared to the other macromolecules?

A

The are not polymers and are hydrophobic

42
Q

What is the function of lipids?

A

Structure, regulatory (hormones) and energy

43
Q

What are the roles of cells?

A

Manufacture cell materials, obtain raw materials, remove waste, generated energy required and control all of these processes

44
Q

What are cellular membranes composed of?

A

Phospholipid bilayer

45
Q

Why are organelles needed?

A

Because many different processed require many different conditions which need separate compartments

46
Q

What are organelles surrounded by and why?

A

Membranes to create separate environments

47
Q

What are the 5 functions of organelles?

A

Providing special conditions for specific processes, keeping incompatible substances apart, allowing specific substances to be concentrated, forming concentration gradients and packaging substances for transport or export

48
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

A semi-permeable barrier which controls movement of substances in and out of the cell

49
Q

What is the effect of the plasma membrane?

A

Limiting the size of the cell

50
Q

Large SA:V ratio in small cells means…

A

The cell has more ability to allow things to pass through the membrane

51
Q

Small SA:V ration in large cells means…

A

the cell has less ability to get things it needs in and doesn’t need out

52
Q

What are the phospholipids made of?

A

Hydrophilic phosphate heads which face towards the outside of the cell and hydrophobic lipid tails which align towards each other inside the cell

53
Q

The plasma membrane is fluid when the lipid tails are…

A

unsaturated so packing is prevented

54
Q

The plasma membrane is viscous when the lipid tails are…

A

saturated so packing can occur

55
Q

What is found in the plasma membrane to affect fluidity?

A

Cholesterol which stabilises membrane fluidity

56
Q

What is passive transport?

A

Movement across membranes which requires no energy

57
Q

What are phospholipid bilayers permeable to?

A

Hydrophobic molecules such as steroid hormones and gases

58
Q

What occurs during diffusion?

A

The molecules move down a concentration gradient

59
Q

What do phospholipid bilayers restrict?

A

Movement of water soluble and charged molecules

60
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

The movement of hydrophilic molecules down a concentration gradient aided by membrane proteins called channels and carriers

61
Q

What do channels and carriers do?

A

Help specific substances move through the cell membrane

62
Q

How do carriers work?

A

They undergo a shape change to help guide the specific molecule which they carry

63
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The facilitated diffusion of water

64
Q

Describe the concentration gradient for water during diffusion

A

Water moves from an area of high water concentration (low solute) concentration to a low water (high solute) concentration

65
Q

What is needed for osmosis?

A

Channels called aquaporins

66
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

The regulation of osmosis to create a balance and prevent shrinking or shrivelling under varying conditions

67
Q

What is active transport?

A

Movement across membranes against the concentration gradient (from low concentration to high concentration) which requires energy (ATP)

68
Q

What does active transport require?

A

Transport proteins and energy

69
Q

What does active transport allow?

A

The cell to have an internal concentration of a substance which is different to its surroundings

70
Q

Explain co-transport

A

One substance is pumped across a membrane to create a concentration gradient ad the co-transporter can then move a second substance against its concentration gradient

71
Q

What are the roles of membrane proteins?

A

Signal transduction, cell recognition, intercellular joining, linking cytoskeleton and extracellular fluid

72
Q

What is signal transduction?

A

When messages are transported from outside the cell to inside the cell. The protein receives a signal that is passed into the cell and the correct organelle

73
Q

What type of messages are transported through signal transduction?

A

Telling the cell to grow, move and die

74
Q

What is cell recognition?

A

Includes glycoproteins and is especially important for the immune system so regular cells can be differentiated from invader cells

75
Q

What is intercellular joining?

A

When some proteins form connections between cells

76
Q

What does linking cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix do?

A

Allows a cell to physically connect with protein structures outside the cell

CELS191 Questions (24 decks)

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