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Geography > Introduction to the Uk and Coasts > Flashcards

Introduction to the Uk and Coasts Flashcards

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1
Q

How are sedimentary rocks formed?

A

Formed from sediments that have
settled at the bottom of a lake, sea or ocean, and have
been compressed over millions of years.

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2
Q

What are examples of sedimentary rocks?

A

Sandstone, limestone, chalk and clay.

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3
Q

Where is sedimentary rock mainly located?

A

In the south of the UK.

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4
Q

How is igneous rock formed?

A

Created by volcanic activity when magma or
lava cools.

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5
Q

What are properties of igneous rock?

A

Randomly arranged crystals and resistant.

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6
Q

How is metamorphic rock formed?

A

Are formed when sedimentary or
igneous rocks are subjected to great heat or pressure deep
underground.

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7
Q

What are the properties of UK upland landscape?

A

Much harder, resistant rocks that have eroded at a much slower rate.

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8
Q

What are the properties of UK lowland landscapes?

A

Formed from younger, softer, sedimentary rocks which are less
resistant to erosion.

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9
Q

What is weathering?

A

Weathering is the break down of rock in situ (in place)

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10
Q

What is chemical weathering?

A

Where chemicals in the sea/rain water alter the structure of the rock.

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11
Q

What is biological weathering?

A

Where living things weaken the structure of the rock

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12
Q

What is mechanical weathering?

A

Where a physical breakdown of rock occurs due to freeze thaw.

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13
Q

What is freeze thaw weathering?

A

When water seeps into cracks in rocks or the pores between soil particles and freezes. The expansion of the water creates high pressures, which can widen the cracks or force apart the soil particles.

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14
Q

What is slumping?

A

When sediment fills with water, becomes heavy and collapses as a large mass in rotational motion.

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15
Q

How are headlands formed?

A

Headlands are formed when the sea attacks a
section of coast with alternating bands of hard
and soft rock.

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16
Q

What is deposition?

A

When waves do not have adequate energy they will drop the sand, pebbles and rock they are carrying.

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17
Q

Describe and explain how distinctive landscapes result from human activity (agriculture)

A

Farming generates an income, hedgerows = habitats; however, leads to deforestation,
flood risk, habitat destruction, less carbon capture, creation of monoculture

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18
Q

Describe and explain how distinctive landscapes result from human activity (forestry)

A

Deforestation provides timber and resources, sustainable forestry is good; however less
carbon capture, removal of habitats; flood risk, loss of biodiversity

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19
Q

Describe and explain how distinctive landscapes result from human activity (settlements)

A

Settlements allow for growth and improved quality of life, make most of natural
resources; however, lead to deforestation, loss of habitats, flood risk.

20
Q

When does deposition occur?

A

When the swash is stronger than the backwash (so when there are constructive waves)

21
Q

What is suspension?

A

Sand and slit are carried along in the flow of water - makes sea water cloudy.

22
Q

What is solution?

A

Minerals are dissolved

23
Q

What is saltation?

A

Small pebbles and stones are bounced along the sea bed.

24
Q

What is sliding an example of?

A

Mass movement

25
Q

What can interrupt the flow of longshore drift?

A

Groynes

26
Q

What is longshore drift?

A

Sediment is moved along the coastline.

27
Q

Coastlines where the geology alternates between strata (or bands) of hard rock and soft rock
which are perpendicular to the coastline. Which coastline is this?

A

Discordant coastline

28
Q

What does a concordant coastline have?

A

A concordant
coastline has the same type of rock along its length.

29
Q

When is backwash greater than swash?

A

Destructive waves.

30
Q

How are wave cut platforms formed?

A

When destructive waves attack the bottom of a rock face, then points of weakness are attacked, gravity causes new overhanging notch to collapse (overhang has also been weakened by weathering), loose rocks are removed by sea and undercutting begins, and eventually cliff is eroded making a wave cut platform.

31
Q

How are caves, arches, stacks and stumps created along a headland?

A

Through weathering and erosion.

32
Q

How is an arch created?

A

If a cave is formed in a headland, it may eventually break through forming an arch.

33
Q

How is a stack weakened?

A

Through weathering.

34
Q

How are beaches formed?

A

When eroded material along the coastline is transported by longshore drift and deposited by constructive waves along the coastline.

35
Q

What is a beach profile?

A

The cross section of a beach.

36
Q

Where are pebble beaches found?

A

In areas where cliffs are being eroded and where there are destructive waves.

37
Q

What is a spit?

A

A long, narrow ridge of sand or shingle, with one end attached to the land, and the other projecting out to sea.

38
Q

How is a spit formed?

A

Eroded material is moved by longshore drift.

39
Q

What is a bar?

A

A ridge of sand or shingle that has extended all the way across the entrance to a bay of river mouth.

40
Q

How is a bar formed?

A

Material is transported along the coastline by longshore drift then deposited where there is a bend in the coastline.

41
Q

How has urbanisation affected coastal landscapes?

A

Humans have built on coastal regions, adding weight to cliffs and increasing flood risk.

42
Q

How has agriculture affected coastal landscapes?

A

Farmland is at risk of flooding.

43
Q

How has industry affected coastal landscapes?

A

Industry can pollute seas through nuclear power plants and other factories.

44
Q

What is coastal recession?

A

The retreat and erosion of the coastline due to the power of the sea.

45
Q

What do hard engineering techniques invovle?

A

Building artificial defences to interrupt natural processes.

Geography (8 decks)

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