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Geography > Global Development > Flashcards

Global Development Flashcards

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1
Q

What is development?

A

The process where people, a place or a country change. It occurs when there are improvements to individual factors that make up the quality of life.

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2
Q

What is social development?

A

An overall improvement in the quality of life for people within a region or country.

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3
Q

What is economic development?

A

An overall increase in the level of wealth within a region or country.

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4
Q

What is political development?

A

Overall improvement in how a country is governed.

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5
Q

What are economic factors influencing development?

A

Average wealth, trade surplus/deficit; cost of living.

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6
Q

What are social factors influencing development?

A

Availability of education, availability of healthcare, leisure opportunities.

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7
Q

What are technological factors influencing development?

A

Internet access, electricity.

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8
Q

How does food security influence development of a country?

A

> There is an imbalance between food production and consumption.
Resulted in lack of food security in many countries.

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9
Q

How many people in 2015 did not have enough food to lead a healthy, sustainable life?

A

800 million.

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10
Q

What are the 3 main strands of food security?

A

Availability, access and consumption.

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11
Q

What is availability (strand of food security)?

A

Sufficient amounts of food being available on a consistent basis.

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12
Q

What is access (strand of food security)?

A

Having sufficient resources to obtain appropriate foods for a nutritious diet.

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13
Q

What is consumption (strand of food security)?

A

Making appropriate use based on knowledge of basic nutrition and care, as well as adequate water and sanitation.

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14
Q

How does water security influence the development of a country?

A

> Access to clean water has become a major issue in an increasing number of countries.
Majority of people living in rural areas lack access to water
More than 840,000 people die from water related diseases per year.
Women and children spend 140 million hours a day collecting water.

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15
Q

What does GDP stand for?

A

Gross domestic product.

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16
Q

What is GDP per capita?

A

The total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year divided by its population.

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17
Q

What does GNI stand for?

A

Gross national income.

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18
Q

What is GNI?

A

The total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year divided by its population. (also includes overseas income).

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19
Q

What is the number of people per doctor?

A

How many doctors there are relative to the size of the population.

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20
Q

What is life expectancy at birth?

A

How long the average person is expected to live for.

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21
Q

What is corruption perception index?

A

A measurement that grades a country’s government from ‘highly corrupt’ to ‘very clean’.

Countries that have a poor quality government usually have a high level of corruption.

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22
Q

What is infant mortality rate?

A

How many children die before the age of one.

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23
Q

What does HDI stand for?

A

Human development index.

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24
Q

What are some single development indicators?

A

GDP, GNI, Life expectancy at birth, internet penetration rate, electricity consumption per capita.

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25
Q

What is HDI?

A

A composite indicator used to rank countries into 4 tiers of human development.

Measures both economic and social developments.

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26
Q

What is income inequality?

A

How income is distributed within a country or region.

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27
Q

What is gini coefficient?

A

A measure to show the extent of income inequality in a county.

High value = Unequal income.
Low value = More equal income.
In general, rich countries have a lower income gap than poor countries.

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28
Q

What is development gap?

A

The difference in income and quality of life between the richest and poorest regions in the world.

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29
Q

What does GDHI stand for?

A

Gross disposable household income.

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30
Q

What is GDHI?

A

How much is left to spend after all the bills are paid.

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31
Q

What is de-industrialisation?

A

The reduction of industrial activity or capacity in a region or economy.

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32
Q

Where are the lowest living standards in the UK?

A

Areas where physical geography is challenging like the Scottish highlands, Welsh mountains, and moorlands of south-west England.

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33
Q

What are causes of global inequality?

A

Physical environment, political and economic policies, history and social investment.

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34
Q

How does physical environment cause global inequality?

A

Countries that are landlocked develop more slowly than those with a coastline as they cannot trade easily.

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35
Q

How do political and economic policies cause global inequality?

A

Countries with an open economy (they trade with other countries e.g. UK) have developed faster than those with closed economies (Only trade within their borders e.g. North Korea).

36
Q

How has history caused global inequality?

A

During the colonial era the UK and France exploited other countries for their resources.

37
Q

What is neo-colonialism?

A

Describes how rich countries can still dominate poorer countries economically and politically.

38
Q

How has social investment caused global inequality?

A

Countries that have prioritised their investment in education and health have developed faster.

39
Q

How has quality of housing impacted development on the quality of life in different parts of the world?

A

People on low incomes have very limited access to housing. Poor people can move from rural areas and end up in slums where houses are made from poor materials and there is no electricity or access to water.

40
Q

How has quality of education impacted development on the quality of life in different parts of the world?

A

Those with the least have the largest families. Large families also mean that debt and malnutrition are are high so it may not be possible to educate all children in a family.

41
Q

How has the level of healthcare impacted development on the quality of life in different parts of the world?

A

Around 6.6 million under the age of 5 die each year. The WHO says that most could be saved if they had access to inexpensive vaccines, clean water and sanitation.

42
Q

What does WHO stand for?

A

World Health Organisation.

43
Q

How has technology impacted development on the quality of life in different parts of the world?

A

Many developing countries struggle with investment in technology and the skills to operate it efficiently; therefore, appropriate technology can be better than advanced technology.

44
Q

How has food and water security impacted development on the quality of life in different parts of the world?

A

Developing countries often lack the ability to import food, innovate in agriculture and invest in rural development. Water insecurity threatens to put the world food supplies in jeopardy, limit economic and social development and create serious conflicts between countries that share water resources.

45
Q

How has employment impacted the development on the quality of life in different parts of the world?

A

Jobs in developing countries tend to be labour intensive (such as agriculture) or in the informal sector (such as shoe shiners, street food stalls) with little job security, few benefits and low pay.

46
Q

What is international aid?

A

The provision of money, goods and/or services to another country. It provides vital income for many countries, and helps reduce uneven global development.

47
Q

What helps pay for imports like machinery and oil which are vital for development?

A

International aid helps pay.

48
Q

What can international aid be invested in?

A

Industry and infrastructure.

49
Q

How can international aid help skills for development?

A

International aid can address a shortage of skills needed for development.

50
Q

What does NGO stand for?

A

Non-governmental organisations.

51
Q

Who can provide international aid?

A

Governments and voluntary groups known as NGO’s.

52
Q

What NGO’s provide aid through?

A

Charities.

53
Q

What is bilateral aid?

A

Where one government sends aid directly to another government.

54
Q

What is multilateral aid?

A

Where a government sends aid to an international organisation (e.g. World Bank) which then administers it to different governments in need.

55
Q

What is short term aid?

A

Rapid assistance given to countries that are in immediate distress. This might happen during a war or after a natural disaster. Examples include emergency medical facilities or emergency shelter.

56
Q

What is long term aid?

A

Aid that focuses on helping the country develop in the long term. It supports social, political and economic development. Examples include providing materials to help rebuild infrastructure.

57
Q

How are countries in debt relief?

A

Due to previous rulers and oil crises. The poorest countries cannot develop if they are having to spend their income paying back debt.

58
Q

What are remittances?

A

Many international migrants (people who have moved away from their country) send money back to their country of origin. This allows people to work in regions where there are more jobs, and their home country benefits.

59
Q

Which countries have increased their trade substantially in recent decades?

A

China, India, Brazil, Mexico etc. and now they are considered emerging countries or newly industrialised countries.

60
Q

What does FDI stand for?

A

Foreign direct investment.

61
Q

What do/does TNC(s) stand for?

A

(Transnational corporations)

62
Q

What is fair trade?

A

A system under which small-scale producers group together to form a cooperative, and receive more than market price for their products.

63
Q

What are top down development approaches?

A

Large-scale projects led by goverments and large transnational corporations that aim to have a wide reaching impact on improving the development of a large region or country.

64
Q

What are pros of top down development approaches?

A

Large scale impacts, generate a huge amount of money, create a lot of jobs, positive impact on the environment.

65
Q

What are cons of top down development approaches?

A

Very expensive, doesn’t create many jobs for local people because machines/technology replace them, does not consider the opinions/welfare of local communities.

66
Q

What are bottom up development approaches?

A

Small-scale projects that are led by charities and non-government organisations aimed to improve the wellbeing of people at the local level.

67
Q

What are pros of bottom up development approaches?

A

They help individuals at the local level to get out of poverty; because the project is on a smaller scale, the environmental damage is often much less, they are very cheap to implement, the technology used is appropriate for local needs.

68
Q

What are cons of bottom up development approaches?

A

Very little impact on national economy; there are still thousands of rural populations that have not received help from small-scale schemes.

69
Q

What is Mumbai - CORE region of India?

A

The commercial, financial and entertainment capital of India.

70
Q

What is Bihar - PERIPHERY region?

A

Region of India where 80% of the population are farmers with lacking of job opportunities.

71
Q

What are the four sectors?

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary.

72
Q

What sector is mainly responsible for India’s economic growth?

A

Tertiary sector.

73
Q

What jobs are in the tertiary sector?

A

Software and ICT services.

74
Q

What are the positive impacts of changes in India’s sectors?

A

Overall wealth of India has increased drastically, women are gaining employment, people getting higher quality of life, greater investment in healthcare and education services for those who can access it.

75
Q

What are the negative impacts of changes in India’s sectors?

A

Families separated as younger generation move to towns and cities; people lose jobs as technology and machinery replaces them, too many people move to large cities; increasing inequality.

76
Q

Describe India’s involvement in international trade.

A

India opened its economy to trade in the late 1990’s as a result of which it has become more integrated into the global economy and the volumes of exports and imports have increased sharply.

77
Q

Describe India’s involvement in aid.

A

India used to receive a lot of foreign aid but now it receives very little because it is rapidly emerging and it actually sends aid to other countries such as Nepal and Afghanistan.

78
Q

Describe FDI and private investment in India.

A

A significant increase in FDI has contributed to India’s development. FDI is dominated by TNC’s but some small start-ups in the technology sector are also involved.

79
Q

Describe public investment in India.

A

Public investment in education, health, transport and housing have all increased in India and even though India has been selling off public companies to private enterprises which attracts more FDI, the public sector is still very large and employs lots of people.

80
Q

What are the 3 reasons the population structure and life expectancy has changed over the last 30 years?

A

Number of young dependants have decreased, number of economically active people has increased and number of elderly dependants has increased.

81
Q

Describe increased inequality in the chosen country.

A

Wider gap between rich and poor, continuing low status of poorer women, older people not benefiting from progress.`

82
Q

Describe growing middle class in the chosen country. (India)

A

Urbanisation + education have led to a growing middle class; this has led to a growing consumer market which could be the largest in the world by 2030.

83
Q

Describe improved education in the chosen country. (India)

A

Greater investment in schools is a high government priority as an educated workforce is the best way to develop; literacy rate has risen and there is a strong private education sector.

84
Q

What is geopolitics?

A

The impact of a country’s human and physical geography on its international relations and politics.

85
Q

How has India’s technology and connectivity supported development for different groups of people?

A

India’s technology has expanded fast and it now has the world’s second largest wireless network, and its own high-level ICT industry. However, there is a digital divide between core and periphery, urban and rural areas, young and old, male and female.

Geography (8 decks)

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