Introduction to the MSK System

Question 1

Axial skeleton

Answer 1

bones of the skull, neck and trunk

Question 2

Appendicular skeleton

Answer 2

Bones of the pectoral and pelvic girdles, bones of the lower and upper limbs

Question 3

Upper limbs

Answer 3

1 long bone in arm - humerus
2 long bones in forearm - radius and ulna
Hand: carpal bones → metacarpals → phalanges

Question 4

Lower limbs

Answer 4

1 long bone in thigh - femur
2 long bones in leg - tibia and fibula
Foot: tarsal bones → metatarsals → phalanges

Question 5

Bony feature

Answer 5

functional hole, bump or groove found on bone which develops during bone growth

Question 6

How are bony features made?

Answer 6

Adjacent structure applies force to bone, moulding its shape OR adjacent structure develops at the same time as bone and the bone has to grow around the other structure - forms a foramen

Question 7

Tuberosity

Answer 7

rough area of bone where muscles attach e.g. ischial tuberosity

Question 8

Bone

Answer 8

hard, connective tissue

Question 9

Cartilage

Answer 9

less rigid than bone
located where mobility is required - articulations

Question 10

3 types of joint

Answer 10

synovial, cartilaginous and fibrous

Question 11

What compromise do joints make?

Answer 11

compromise between mobility and stability - the more mobile a joint, the more easily it is dislocated

Question 12

Joints have an excellent supply of what?

Answer 12

Sensory nerve supply

Question 13

Where is skeletal muscle usually found?

Answer 13

Deep to deep fascia

Question 14

Skeletal muscle attachments to bone

Answer 14

Usually 2 points of attachment to bone - ‘origin’ (usually most proximal part) and ‘insertion’ on the other side

Question 15

What happens during skeletal muscle contraction?

Answer 15

The origin and insertion are moved close together, muscle fibres shorten along the long axis

Question 16

Tendon

Answer 16

attach muscle (usually) to bone

Question 17

Aponeurosis

Answer 17

Flattened tendon
Most commonly associated with flat muscles
Attach muscle to soft tissue

Question 18

Biceps brachii (attachments)

Answer 18

Long head originates from the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
Short head originates from the coracoid process of the scapula
Both heads insert distally into the radial tuberosity and the fascia of the forearm via the bicipital aponeurosis

Question 19

Biceps brachii (innervation)

Answer 19

musculocutaneous nerve

Question 20

Biceps brachii (actions)

Answer 20

supination of the forearm (spans proximal radioulner joint anteriorly) and flexion of the shoulder and elbow joint (spans shoulder and elbow joint anteriorly)

Question 21

Deltoid muscle (attachments)

Answer 21

originates from the lateral third of the clavicle, the acromion and the spine of the scapula, attaches to the deltoid tuberosity on the lateral aspect of the humerus

Question 22

Deltoid muscle (innervation)

Answer 22

axillary nerve

Question 23

Deltoid muscle (actions)

Answer 23

Anterior fibres: flexion and medial rotation of the shoulder
Posterior fibres: extension and lateral rotation of the shoulder
Middle fibres: the major abductor of the arm

Question 24

Reflexes are…

Answer 24

protective and automatic

Question 25

What does testing reflexes test?

Answer 25

the ability to move and power of movement - testing muscle and nerve(s) supplying it

Question 26

2 main skeletal muscle reflexes

Answer 26

stretch and flexion withdrawl

Question 27

Stretch reflex - reflex arc

Answer 27

1. sensory nerve (muscle) detects stretch and tells spinal cord
2. motor nerve from spinal cord passes message to contract
3. neuromuscular junction - synapse where motor nerve communicates with skeletal muscle

Question 28

Deep tendon reflexes

Answer 28

biceps jerk, triceps jerk, kee jerk and ankle jerk reflexes
hammer applies stretch → stretch reflex (if normal)

Question 29

Flexion withdrawal reflex

Answer 29

Touch something potentially damaging
Sudden flexion to withdraw from the danger

Question 30

Muscle strain

Answer 30

overstretched, torn or twisted muscle

Question 31

Paralysis

Answer 31

a muscle without a functioning nerve supply - can’t contract
muscle would have reduced tone

Question 32

Spacticity

Answer 32

muscle has intact and functioning motor nerve but the descending controls from the brain aren’t working

Question 33

Atrophy

Answer 33

‘wasting’ of the muscles through inactivity, myocytes become smaller

Question 34

Hypertrophy

Answer 34

individual myocytes englarge