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Medicine Lectures- Renal > Introduction to the Kidneys and Body Fluids > Flashcards

Introduction to the Kidneys and Body Fluids Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 sub-compartments does the ECF contain?

A 
Plasma (3L)
Interstitial fluid (11L)
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2
Q

Which forces determine fluid and solute movement between plasma and interstitial fluid?

A

Starling forces

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3
Q

What must be kept the same in the ICF and ECF and why?

A

Osmolarity must be kept the same to avoid excess shifts of water between ECF and ICF

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4
Q

What differs between the ECF and ICF

A

Solute composition

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5
Q

What is the principal electrolyte of the ECF and therefore what does it determine?

A

Sodium is the principal electrolyte of the ECF and therefore it determines ECF osmolarity

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6
Q

Why is the control of body fluids important?

A

For cell structure and function

Tissue perfusion

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7
Q

What causes disruption to tissue structure and function?

A

Large shifts between the volume of ECF and ICF

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8
Q

What does tissue perfusion depend on?

A

The balance between circulating (plasma) volume and interstitial volume

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9
Q

What two key processes does the balance of salt and water depend on?

A

Osmoregulation and volume regulation

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10
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

The maintenance of osmotic equilibrium between the volume of ECF and ICF

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11
Q

What is volume regulation?

A

The maintenance of adequate ECF volume to support plasma volume

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12
Q

What can plasma osmolarity be estimated by and what is the typical value?

A

2[Na] + 2[K] + [glucose] + [urea]

Typically 288mOsm/L

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13
Q

Why does Na have a bigger impact on osmolarity than any other electrolyte?

A

As other electrolytes are present in much lower concentrations and can be neglected as a contributor to osmolarity

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14
Q

What are the two ways of changing the osmolarity of a solution?

A

Add/remove solute

Add/remove water

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15
Q

How does the body accomplish osmoregulation?

A

By adding/removing water, not sodium

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16
Q

What does it mean when plasma osmolarity rises and what happens as a response to this?

A

Means more water is needed

Kidneys produce a small volume of concentrated urine= water retention

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17
Q

What does it mean when plasma osmolarity falls and what happens as a response to this?

A

Means there is too much water in the body

Kidneys produce a large volume of dilute urine= water excretion

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18
Q

What are changes in plasma volume detected by?

A

Stretch and pressure receptors in the cardiovascular system

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19
Q

What is a fall in blood volume opposed by and what happens as a result of this?

A

Opposed by sodium retention

Causes water to follow osmotically and restores the volume

20
Q

What is the main function of the kidneys?

A

Homeostasis

21
Q

What is a by-product of kidney function?

A

Urine

22
Q

What is the urinary tract important for?

A

Temporary storage and removal of urine

23
Q

What are the other functions of the kidney?

A
  • Osmoregulation
  • Volume regulation
  • Acid-base balance
  • Regulation of electrolytes
  • Removal of metabolic waste from blood
  • Removal of foreign chemicals in bloof
  • Regulation of red blood cell production
24
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

The nephron

25
Q

What does the nephron consist of?

A

Special blood vessels and elaborate tubules

26
Q

Where does urine production begin?

A

In the nephron

27
Q

What major structures are found in each nephron?

A

Blood vessels, the golemrulus, Bowman’s capsule and the renal tubule

28
Q

Which artery supplies the kidney?

A

The renal artery

29
Q

What supplies the nephron?

A

Subdivisions of the renal artery= the afferent arteriole

30
Q

Which vein drains the kidneys?

A

The renal vein

31
Q

What are the four basic processes of renal function?

A
  • Glomerular filtration
  • Tubular reabsorption
  • Tubular secretion
  • Excretion of water and solutes in the urine
32
Q

What is the Glomerular Filtration Rate?

A

The amount of filtrate produced by the kidneys each minute

33
Q

What reduces the GFR?

A

Renal failure

34
Q

What can be used as an index of GFR?

A

Plasma creatinine

35
Q

What is the process of Glomerular filtration?

A
  • Hydrostatic pressure forces fluids and solutes through the glomerular capillary membrane
  • Small molecules pass readily, larger molecules can’t pass
  • Leads to a plasma ultra filtrate in the Bowman’s capsule
36
Q

What is the process of reabsorption?

A

Many substances are filtered and then reabsorbed from the tubular lumen into the peritubular capillaries

37
Q

What is secretion important for?

A
  • Disposing of substances not already in the filtrate
  • Eliminating undesirable substances eg urea and uric acid
  • Ridding the body of excess K+
  • Controlling blood pH
38
Q

What is the equation for total body water balance?

A

Balance= input - output

39
Q

What should the total body water balace be and why?

A

Should be 0, or otherwise there will be a change in osmolality

40
Q

What is the result of water restriction?

A
  • Plasma osmolality rises
  • Causes increased secretion of ADH
  • Results in decreased urine volume and increased urine osmolality
41
Q

What is the result of an increase in water intake?

A
  • Increase in water absorption through GIT
  • Plasma osmolality falls
  • Reduced secretion of ADH
  • Results in increased urine volume and decreased urine osmolality
42
Q

What is [Total body Na+] equal to?

A

Intake - elimination

43
Q

How is Na+ lost from the body?

A

Sweat, diarrhoea and vomit

44
Q

Which major hormone system is important in retaining sodium?

A

The Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

45
Q

Which major hormone system is important in eliminating sodium?

A

Cardiac natriuretic peptides (ANP)

Medicine Lectures- Renal (2 decks)

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