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Medicine Lectures- Renal > Body Fluids > Flashcards

Body Fluids Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of water?

A
  • medium for all metabolic processes
  • diffusion of nutrients and waste products
  • solvent
  • homeostasis
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2
Q

What is the consequence of having too little water in the body?

A

Diarrhoea and very low blood pressure - 90/40mmHg

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3
Q

What is the consequence of having too much water in the body?

A

Kidney failure and very high blood pressure- 200/100mmHg

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4
Q

If there was an intake of 2300ml of water, what would it be used for?

A 
Ingested= 2100ml
Metabolism= 200ml
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5
Q

If there was an output of 2300ml of water, what would it be used for?

A 
Urine= 1400ml
Loss from skin= 350ml
Loss from lungs= 350ml
Faeces= 100ml
Sweat= 100ml
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6
Q

Where can fluid be found inside the body?

A

Inside cells, interstitial fluid or blood plasma

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7
Q

The body is 60% water, how much of that forms the intracellular and extracellular fluid?

A 
Intracellular= 40%
Extracellular= 20%
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8
Q

Why is the composition of body fluids in each compartment different?

A

As each compartment has different ions

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9
Q

Which ions does the intracellular compartment contain?

A

Potassium and phosphate ions

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10
Q

Which ions does the interstitium contain?

A

Sodium and chloride ions

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11
Q

Which ions does the blood plasma contain?

A

Sodium and chloride ions

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12
Q

What is the difference between the permeability of the capillary membrane and the plasma membrane?

A

Capillary membrane is more permeable than the plasma membrane. Plasma membrane only allows specific molecules to pass through

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13
Q

Which molecules does the plasma membrane allow through?

A

Sodium, chloride, potassium and phosphate ions

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14
Q

Which ions are found inside and which are found outside of the cell?

A 
Inside= potassium and phosphate ions
Outside= sodium and chloride ions
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15
Q

What regulates the concentration of sodium and potassium ions and how?

A

Na+/K+ pump, 3 sodium ions pumped out, 2 potassium ions pumped in

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16
Q

What do fluid movements depend on?

A

Ionic and osmotic pressure and the nature of the barrier

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17
Q

What drives the movement of water in and out of the cell membrane?

A

Osmotic pressure

18
Q

What is the structure of the capillary wall barrier?

A

It has endothelial cells and are separated by semi-permeable pores

19
Q

What drives the movement of water in and out of the capillary wall barrier?

A

Hydrostatic pressure

20
Q

What is the definition of osmosis?

A

The net diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of high water potential to a region of low water potential

21
Q

What is the unit of measurement of osmosis?

A

An osmole

22
Q

What does an osmole describe?

A

The concentration of solute particles in a solution

23
Q

What is 1 osmole equal to?

A

1 osmole= 1 mole= 6x10^23 osmotically active particles

24
Q

What is osmolality?

A

Osmole/kg of solvent

25
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

Osmole/L of solution

26
Q

How can osmolarity be changed?

A

By changing temperature

27
Q

What is the osmolarity of the different fluid compartments and what does this mean?

A

The osmolarity is very similar across the 3 fluid compartments
This means water can move freely across both types of wall

28
Q

How is osmotic pressure balanced and when does this change?

A

Osmotic pressure is balanced between intracellular and extracellular fluid
This changes when we drink

29
Q

What is the definition of tonicity?

A

The effect of a solution on the osmotic movement of water

30
Q

What can a solution’s osmolality affect?

A

Cell size

31
Q

What happens when there are rapid changes in serum sodium concentration?

A

Causes swelling of brain fits resulting in confusion and fits

32
Q

What is a hypotonic soloution and what does it result in?

A

A hypotonic solution is when there is a higher water potential outside than inside, so water moves into the cell
Causes cells to become swollen and eventually start lysing

33
Q

What is a hypertonic soloution and what does it result in?

A

A hypertonic solution is when there is a higher water potential inside than outside so water moves out of the cell
Causes cells to become crenated

34
Q

How is the volume of total body water measured?

A

Using radioactive water that is distributed in all the compartments

35
Q

How is the volume of extracellular water measured?

A

Using radioactive insulin that doesn’t enter the cells

36
Q

How is the volume of plasma measured?

A

Using radioactive albumin that stays in the plasma only

37
Q

How is intracellular volume measured?

A

Total body water - extracellular volume

38
Q

How is interstitial volume measured?

A

Extracellular volume - plasma volume

39
Q

What does fluid accumulation in the lungs cause?

A

Shortness of breath

40
Q

What does fluid accumulation in the lower limb cause?

A

Discomfort

41
Q

What are the causes of oedema?

A

Increased capillary fluid pressure
Decrease in capillary osmotic pressure
Leaky membrane which affects the coefficient
Blocked lymphatics

Medicine Lectures- Renal (2 decks)

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