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SFM Quiz 2 > Introduction to the Immune System > Flashcards

Introduction to the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Define humoral immunity.

A

The immune responses mediated by soluble effector molecules (Abs)

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2
Q

What are the roles of phagocytes?

A

To kill microorganisms via phagocytosis or secretion of factors.

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3
Q

What are the roles of mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils?

A

Defense against multicellular parasites. Also plays a pathogenic role in allergy.

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4
Q

What are the roles of natural killer (NK) cells?

A

Elimination of infected and malignant cells via apoptotic mechanisms.

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5
Q

What is C-reactive protein’s (CRP) role in the immune system?

A

A type of acute phase protein and opsonin that binds to the C protein of pneumococci and promotes phagocytosis.

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6
Q

What are the 3 main functions of components of the complement system?

A
  1. Lyse bacterial species
  2. Attract phagocytes to the site of the infection (chemotaxis)
  3. Opsonization of bacteria for phagocytosis
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7
Q

What is the difference between cytokines and chemokines?

A

Cytokine is a general term used for all signaling molecules. Chemokines are specific cytokines that function by attracting cells to sites of infection/inflammation.

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8
Q

What is the difference between B and T lymphocytes?

A
  • B cells contain B-cell receptors (BCR) that bind a specific antigen. Once bound, the cell differentiates into plasma cells where it will secrete Abs. Part of humoral immune response.
  • T cells contain T-cell receptors (TCR) that also bind to specific antigens. Once bound, the cell controls the cell-mediated immune response. Does not secrete Abs.
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9
Q

Explain how to antigen presenting cells (APCs) work and give examples.

A

They contain surface molecules called major histocompatibility complexes (MHC) that present to T cells.

Examples: macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells

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10
Q

What are the two kinds of fixed elements in the immune system? Give examples.

A

Primary: Bone marrow, thymus
Secondary: Spleen, lymph nodes, mucosal immune tissues

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11
Q

What kind of stem cells are the components of the innate and adaptive immunity derived from?

A

Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HPC)

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12
Q

What is the difference between the products of the Lymphoid lineage vs the Myeloid lineage?

A

Lymphoid lineage produces B and T cells. Myeloid cells produce everything else for the immune system.

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13
Q

What does G-CSF stimulate the production of?

A

First Myeloblasts, then Granulocytes: neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils.

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14
Q

What does M-CSF stimulate the production of?

A

First Monoblasts, then Monocytes: dendritic cells, macrophages

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15
Q

What controls differentiation of lymphoid progenitors into mature B cells and T cells?

A

Interleukin 7 (IL-7)

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16
Q

What kind of cells are neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells?

A

Granulocytes and Polymorphs (nucleus has multiple compartments)

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17
Q

How does a monocyte become a macrophage?

A

When it leaves the blood and enters the tissue where the infection is occurring.

18
Q

What kind of immune cell is exclusively found in tissue?

A

Mast cell

19
Q

How are B cells, T cells, and NK cells differentiated from each other?

A

Using antibodies that recognize specific antigens, termed Cluster of Differentiation (CD).

20
Q

What are the key CD marker(s) found exclusively on T cells?

A

CD3, CD4, and CD8

21
Q

What are the key CD marker(s) found exclusively on B cells?

A

CD19 and CD20

22
Q

What are the key CD marker(s) found exclusively on NK cells?

A

CD56

23
Q

What are the key CD marker(s) found exclusively on Macrophages/Monocytes?

A

CD14

24
Q

What are the two main types of phagocytes? What is the difference between the two?

A

Neutrophils and macrophages. Macrophages have a “scavenger function” to get rid of damaged tissue.

25
Q

What are the most abundant cells of the immune system?

A

Neutrophils

26
Q

What are defensins?

A

Small cysteine-rich cationic proteins which act against bacteria, fungi, and many enveloped viruses.

27
Q

What is the “left shift” seen during leukocytosis?

A

Seen during inflammation/infection. When the bone marrow is producing more WBCs, namely neutrophils, and releasing them into the blood before they are fully mature.

28
Q

What is a third way (besides phagocytosis and granule release) that neutrophils attack pathogens?

A

Releasing Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs). NETs are comprised of DNA, proteins, and enzymes. NETs can either directly kill the pathogen or pull it in for phagocytosis.

29
Q

Describe how most long-lived resident macrophages come about.

A

Derived from hematopoietic progenitors emerging in the yolk sac. Then fulfill tissue-specific functions depending on the organ.

30
Q

What are the functions of inflammatory macrophages?

A

Contribute to inflammatory reactions and tissue remodeling that repairs “collateral damage” produced by hypersensitivity reactions.

31
Q

What is the difference between myeloid DCs (mDCs) and plasmacytoid Dcs (pDCs)?

A

mDCs: derived from monocytes, similar to tissue macrophages.
pDC: subset of interferon-producing DC that circulates blood and peripheral tissues, unknown developmental origin.

32
Q

What are Langerhans cells (LCs)?

A

A subpopulation of DCs that reside in the epidermis of the skin. After antigen activation, the become potent APCs.

33
Q

What is the key role of mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils?

A

Innate immune response against helminths (multi cellular parasites). They also account for allergic and anaphylactic reactions.

34
Q

Describe the granules found in mast cells and basophils.

A

Contains histamine, serotonin, heparin, cytokines, and chemokines. Stained with basic dye.

35
Q

Describe the granules found in eosinophils.

A

Large secondary granules: contains four basic proteins
Small granules: histamine, peroxidase, lipase, and major basic protein

Both stained with neutral dye

36
Q

What is the most common form of mastocytosis?

A

Urticaria Pigmentosa

37
Q

Where do NK cells undergo differentiation?

A

In the bone marrow

38
Q

How do NK cells work?

A

They recognize antigens normally expressed on host cells. The absence of that antigen activates the NK cells.

39
Q

What is the difference between cytotoxic T cells and NK cells?

A

NK cells are part of the innate immunity. Cytotoxic T cells are part of the adaptive immunity.

40
Q

What is the difference in roles between T helper cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)?

A

T helper cells activate macrophages to kill phagocytized microbes. CTLs directly destroy infected cells.

SFM Quiz 2 (15 decks)

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