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Immunology > Introduction to the Immune Respose > Flashcards

Introduction to the Immune Respose Flashcards

1
Q

innate immunity

A
  • variety of mechanisms that can prevent infection or eliminate a pathogen
  • present in all individuals at all times
  • recognizes groups of similar pathogens (not antigen specific)
  • not increased with repeated exposure to a pathogen (no memory)
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2
Q

examples of innate immunity

  • physical barriers
  • biologically active substances
  • cellular
A
  • skin
  • mucous membranes
  • lysozyme in tears or skin
  • anti-microbial proteins
  • cytokines induce fever
  • activation of compliment
  • natural killer cells
  • phagocytes
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3
Q

macrophages

A
  • large, mononuclear phagocytes tht are present in most tissues
  • derived from blood monocytes
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4
Q

neutrophils

A
  • phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanism
  • polymorphonuclear neutrophillic leukocytes
  • major class of white blood cell
  • enter infected tissue to engulf and kill extracellular pathogens
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5
Q

eosinophil

A
  • killing of antibody coated parasites
  • kills parasites that are too large to be pahgocytosed
  • when activated they release substances that are toxic to helminths
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6
Q

basophils

A
  • release of granules containing histamine

- found in the blood and thought to have a similar function to mast cells

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7
Q

mast cells

A
  • release of granules containing histame
  • found in CT
  • involved in responses to parasites (helminths) and in the allergic response
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8
Q

natural killer cells

A

-can kill some virus infected cells and some tumor cells

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9
Q

dendritic cells

A
  • antigen uptake in peripheral sites
  • antigen presentation to T cells
  • bridges the innate and adaptive immune responses
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10
Q

PRR

A
  • pattern recognition receptors

- cells of the innate immune response have this

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11
Q

PAMP

A
  • pathogen associated molecular patter

- the microbial product recognized by PRR’s

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12
Q

adaptive (acquired) immunity

A
  • host defences mediated by antigen specific lymphocytes (B and T cells)
  • includes the clonal expansion and differentiation of lymphocytes
  • requires sensitization by antigen
  • response is antigen-specific
  • results in immunological memory
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13
Q

adaptive immune responses can be classified as

A

humoral or cell mediated

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14
Q

humoral immunity

A
  • mediated by antigen specific antibodies produced by activated b lymphocytes (plasma cells)
  • antobodies can be transferred to non immune recipients (naive) by immune serum (antiserum)
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15
Q

sell mediated immunity

A
  • adaptive immune response primarily involving antigen specific T lymphocytes
  • can be transferred to naive recipient by T cell, but not by immune serum
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16
Q

clonal selection results in

A

-the expansion of antigen specific b and T cell clones

17
Q

proiferation and differentiation of memory cells

A
  • a dingle progenitor cell gives rise to a large number of lymphocytes, each with a different specificity
  • cells that recognize self are removed
  • pool of naive lymphocytes remain
18
Q

clonal selection of B cells

A
  • antigen binding

- proliferation into a pool of memory cells and a pool of plasma cell clones which are Ab secreting

19
Q

primary lymphoid organs in adults

A
  • bone marrow (B cell development)

- Thymus (T cell development)

20
Q

secondary lymphoid organs

A
  • adenoid
  • tonsil
  • lymph nodes
  • spleen
  • peyers patches
21
Q

multiple myeloma

A
  • plasma cell tumor (neoplastic antibody secreting)
  • the tumor cells are almost always derived from a single cell
  • these cells will only produce one Ab, called a monoclonal Ab
  • the lamignant cells hone to bone marrow and disrupt hematopoiesis resulting in lower white blood cell counts with increased susceptibility to infection and decreased RBC formation leading to anemia
22
Q

gel of malignant myeloma

A

-see a large spike in gama globulin which is associated with Ab’s

23
Q

antibody structure

A
  • two long H (heavy) chains flanked by two short L (light) chains
  • this is considered the monomeric form
  • the H chains and L chains are identical for a given Ab
  • a monomeric Ab has two identical binding sites
  • a disulfide bond links the two heavy chains
24
Q

papain

A
  • proteolytc enzyme
  • creates two Fab and one Fc domains from one Ab
  • each Fab domain contains one antigen binding site
25
Q

N term vs C term of an Ab

A
  • N term is where antigen binding takes place, this contains the VH and VL variable regions
  • C term is the constant region which only includes the H chains
26
Q

light chain domains

A
  • consists of one variable and one constant

- each domain is a stable structure and is known as Ig folding

Immunology (15 decks)

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