Introduction to the Human Body

Question 1

1. Define anatomy gross anatomy physiology cytology and histology.

Answer 1

1. Anatomy is the study of structure gross anatomy is big enough to see without a microscope physiology is the study of function cytology is the study of cells and histology is the study of tissues.

Question 2

2. List the 6 levels of structural organization of the human body and give an example of each.

Answer 2

2. Molecules (glucose) Cells (brain cell) Tissues (epithelial tissue) Organs (stomach) Organ System (digestive system) Organism (you)

Question 3

3. Describe anatomical position.

Answer 3

3. Standing erect arms down by your side palms facing forward

Question 4

4. Define the following directional terms: Medial lateral proximal distal anterior posterior superior inferior external internal superficial deep ventral dorsal cranial caudal palmer plantar ipsilateral bilateral and contralateral.

Answer 4

4. Medial/ lateral - Towards/ away from midline proximal/ distal - towards/away from point of origin anterior/posterior - front side/back side superior/ inferior - above/below external = superficial deep = internal ventral/ dorsal - belly side/back side cranial/ caudal - towards head/towards tail palmer - palm side plantar - sole side ipsilateral - same side of body bilateral - both sides of body and contralateral - opposite sides of body.

Question 5

5. Define the following planes: Transverse (cross) sagittal mid-sagittal frontal (coronal).

Answer 5

5. Transverse (cross) cuts the body into superior and inferior portions; sagittal cuts the body into left and right sections mid-sagittal into equal left and right frontal (coronal) divides body into anterior/posterior parts.

Question 6

6. Name and describe the location of the major body cavities. Briefly describe their contents.

Answer 6

6. Posterior = Dorsal cavity has the cranial cavity with the brain and the spinal = vertebral cavity has the spinal cord. The anterior = ventral cavity has the thoracic cavity with the heart & lungs and diaphragm as the floor. The abdominal cavity located inferior to diaphragm houses the liver stomach intestines… The pelvic cavity is surrounded by the pelvis and houses reproductive structures rectum and urinary bladder.

Question 7

7. Review the structure of a cell (plasma) membrane.

Answer 7

7. Phospholipid bilayer with protein channels scattered throughout it.

Question 8

8. Define selectively permeable as it relates to the cell.

Answer 8

8. Some substances can cross the cell membrane and some cannot.

Question 9

9. Describe diffusion osmosis solute solvent solution osmotic pressure milliosmole facilitated diffusion filtration active transport Na+/K+ pump endocytosis phagocytosis and exocytosis.

Answer 9

9. Diffusion - movement from high to low concentration osmosis - water diffusion across cell membrane solute - dissolves in solution solvent - substance doing the dissolving solution - mixture of solvent and solute osmotic pressure - pressure necessary to oppose osmosis milliosmole - unit measuring solute concentrations facilitated diffusion - a.k.a. passive transport - it is diffusion but limited to special sites on the membrane - typically the protein channels filtration - passive process where a substance passes through the filter based on size; active transport - movement of a substance from low to high concentration requiring ATP; Na+/K+ pump is a classical example of active transport endocytosis - a cell engulfing a substance phagocytosis - a type of endocytosis that is cell eating and exocytosis - discharge of a substance from the cell.

Question 10

10. Define tonicity. Describe what would happen to a RBC if placed in an isotonic hypertonic or hypotonic solution.

Answer 10

10. Solute difference inside vs. outside of a cell. Not net movement of water for the RBC in an isotonic soln. If the RBC is in a hypertonic solution its water is drawn out and the cell shrivels up. If the RBC is placed in a hypotonic solution the water enters the cell and it swells and may burst.

Question 11

11. Define and give an example of homeostasis.

Answer 11

11. Balance such as responding to a decreased body temperature by shivering to bring your body temperature back to normal.

Question 12

12. Explain the nature of negative and positive feedback loops and how they help to maintain homeostasis.

Answer 12

12. Negative feedback loops have an opposite effect typically stopping something. If you have too much of hormone A you will stop the synthesis of hormone A. Positive feedback loops do not lend themselves to homeostasis and would be you have a small blood clot then a bigger one bigger….

Question 13

13. Describe the 4 major types of body tissues.

Answer 13

13. Muscle tissue is capable of contraction; Nervous tissue is the control and communication tissue; connective tissue is the most abundant tissue in the body and many types connect different structures; and Epithelial tissue is a lining and covering tissue.

Question 14

14. Explain how epithelium and connective tissue combine to form 4 different types of membranes; specify the functions of each type.

Answer 14

14. Mucous membrane secretes mucus such as the lining of your mouth; synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid and is found in joints; cutaneous membrane is your skin; serous membrane secretes a watering substance and is found lining your body cavity.