INTRODUCTION TO THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM Flashcards by Anna Kaye Cirujano

a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

HEALTH

world health organization, 1948

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A resource for everyday life, not the objective of living.

____ is a positive concept emphasizing
social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities.

WHO, 1986

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

refers to the ability of a body to adapt to new threats and infirmities

Health

The LANCET, 2006

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

different types of health

physical
2 mental
spiritual
emotional
social
environmental

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

refers to the state of your physical body and how well it is operating.
promotes proper care of our bodies for optimal health and functioning.

physical health

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

components of physical health

physical activity
nutrition and diet
alcohol and drugs
medical self-care
rest and sleep

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

includes strength, flexibility, and endurance

Physical activity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

includes nutrient intake, fluid intake, and healthy digestion

Nutrition and diet

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

includes the abstinence from or reduced consumption of these substances.

Alcohol and drugs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

includes addressing minor ailments or injuries and seeking emergency care as
necessary

Medical self-care

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

includes periodic rest and relaxation, along with high-quality sleep.

Rest and sleep

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

level of psychological well-being or an absence of mental illness
“psychological state of someone who is functioning at a satisfactory level of emotional and behavioral adjustment”

mental health

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

mental health conditions include:

mental health disorders
psychological disabilities
other mental health states associated with significant distress, impairment in functioning, or risk of self-harm

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

According to WHO, the determinants of Mental Health include:

Individual psychological and biological factors such as emotional skills, substance use, and
genetics.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Exposure to unfavorable _____, _____, _____, and _____ circumstances – including poverty, violence, inequality, and environmental deprivation - also increases people’s risk of experiencing mental health conditions.

social, economic, geopolitical, and environmental circumstances

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

__________ encompasses everything a person does to keep a healthy relationship with their mind. These include activities that keep the mind focused and engaged, like _______ activities.

self-care for mental health

brain-stimulating activities

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Examples of mental self-care activities include:

o Getting regular exercise
o Reading a book
o Learning a new hobby or skill
o Listening to a podcast
o Doing a digital detox
o Practicing mindfulness

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

refers to possessing, meaning, and purpose in life; having a clear set of beliefs, and living by your morals, values, and ethics.
understanding and having a clear definition of what is right and wrong and
living according to this understanding

spiritual health

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Many factors play a part in defining spirituality:

religious faith, beliefs, values, ethics,
principles, and morals.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Some gain ______ by growing in their personal relationships with others, or through being at peace with nature.

spirituality

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

allows us to find the inner calm and peace needed to get through whatever life
brings, no matter what one’s beliefs are or where they may be on your spiritual journey.

spirituality

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Ways to Improve Spiritual Health:

o Connect with your faith community
o Volunteer or help others
o Practice yoga
o Meditate
o Keep a journal
o Spend time in nature
o Focus on your hobbies
o Speak with a chaplain or someone you trust

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

often described as the capacity to identify and manage your emotions and feelings, as well as the emotions of those around you. It involves developing the ability to express and manage emotions in healthy ways, such as being able to handle stress and take responsibility for your own feelings.

emotional health

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

involves having a good understanding of your self-worth, regulating your emotions, and maintaining good relationships with others.

emotional health

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

caused by a reaction to a situation or person and may even be the result of past experiences or trauma. cause one to feel overwhelmed and emotionally unstable, often resulting in feelings of sadness, fear, and anger.

emotional triggers

associated with a person’s overall mental well-being. It includes rational thinking, good decision-making, and managing difficult situations.

mental health

related to the ability to manage your moods and feelings. It can include the ability to regulate emotions like stress, anger, sadness, and joy in order to have healthy relationships.

emotional health

involves processing information, storing it in memory, and understanding this information

mental health

involves the ability to control and express emotions appropriately

emotional health

involves cognitive processes

mental health

involves emotions and feelings

emotional health

has a wider scope

mental health

has a limited scope

emotional health

about our ability to express emotions, cope with feelings, and nurture relationships

emotional health

Difficulties with controlling emotions are a common sign of ?????

emotional distress

defined as our ability to interact and form meaningful relationships with others. It also relates to how comfortably we can adapt to social situations. Social relationships have an impact on our mental health, physical health, and mortality risk.

social health

Signs of good social health include:

o Balancing your social and personal time o Being your true self at all times o Engaging with people in your community o Treating others with respect o Maintaining and building strong relationships with friends o Creating healthy boundaries that help with communication, trust and conflict management o Turning to friends and family for support o Communicating effectively

- examines the interaction between the environment and health. - refers to aspects of human health (including quality of life) that are determined by physical, chemical, biological, social, and psychosocial factors in the environment.

environmental health

We depend on the environment for energy and the materials needed to sustain life, such as:

o Clean air o Safe drinking water o Nutritious food o Safe places to live.

outdoor air pollution

respiratory conditions, cardiovascular disease, lung cancer

unsafe drinking water

diarrhoeal (gastrointestinal) illnesses

contaminated recreational water

diarrhoeal (gastrointestinal) illnesses; eye, ear, nose and throat infections

mosquitos, ticks and other vectors

malaria, dengue fever, rickettsial disease

UV (ultraviolet light) exposure

too much: melanoma, non-melanoma skin cancer, eye cataracts too little: vitamin D deficiency, leading to rickets, osteoporosis, and osteomalacia

second-hand smoke exposure

in infants: low birthweight, sudden unexpected death in infancy in children: asthma, lower respiratory infections, middle ear infections in adults: ischaemic heart disease, stroke, lung cancer

household crowding

infectious disease, including lower respiratory infections

cold and damp housing

excess mortality

climate change

infectious diseases, including giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis and salmonellosis; heat stroke

hazardous substances

poisoning, burns, dermatitis

lead

in children: developmental delays, behavioral problems in adults: increased blood pressure

asbestos

breathing difficulties, lung cancer, mesothelioma

noise

hearing loss, cardiovascular problems, insomnia, psychophysiological problems

- the active pursuit of activities, choices, and lifestyles that lead to a state of holistic health- Global Wellness Institute - the act of practicing healthy habits on a daily basis to attain better physical and mental health outcomes so that instead of just surviving, you’re thriving. " ---- Pfizer

wellness

failure of the body defense mechanism to cope with forces tending to disturb body equilibrium.

disease

▪ Ecologic concept of disease based on 3 premises of the biologic laws:

▪ Disease is a result of the imbalance between the forces of the agent and the host ▪ The resulting imbalance depends on the nature of the agent and the host ▪ The nature of the agent and the host and their interaction depend on the environment

Complete disease process starting from without or within the individual resulting in changes in body form and function until equilibrium is reached, or recovery or death of the individual.

Natural History of Disease

1. Portal of Entry

a. Respiratory tract b. Genito- Urinary tract c. Gastro-intestinal tract d. Skin e. Blood stream

Interval between the time of entry of the agent into the host and onset of signs and symptoms of disease, it varies from one disease to another

2. Incubation Period

3. Clinical Manifestation of disease or Clinical Horizon *Characteristic signs and symptoms appear like:

a. Fever b. Rash c. Other symptoms like jaundice ex: viral hepatitis, yellow fever, leptospirosis, infectious mononucleosis syphilis, fatigue, convulsions *Nausea and vomiting and other localized symptoms like diarrhea, cough, pain, and local swelling *Measurement of physiologic data is abnormal ex: temperature, pulse, respiration *Positive laboratory tests of urine, blood, stools, etc.

4. Outcome of Disease

a. Chronic condition b. Carrier state c. Temporary disability d. Permanent disability e. Death f. Complete recovery

* The period during which the patient is infectious

5. Period of Communicability

Natural History of Disease PROCESS

1. Portal of Entry 2. Incubation Period 3. Clinical Manifestation of disease or Clinical Horizon 4. Outcome of Disease 5. Period of Communicability

the organic body where the agent depends for survival

host

influenced by sex, age, nutrition, heredity, and personality development; habits and customs, race, previous experience.

Resistance/ Susceptibility

the substance or force whose presence or absence causes disease

agent

types of agent

Biologic Physical Chemical Nutrient Mechanical

Characteristics of agent

Mode of transmission, Virulence, Organ of Parasitism, Immunity conferred

a measure of the severity of the reaction

virulence

living agents that parasitize man ex. arthropods, helminths, protozoa, fungi, bacteria, rickettsiae, viruses

biologic agent

classified as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals and water

nutrient agent

these agents may be classified according to the mode of acquisition

chemical agent

this category comprises such factors as abnormalities at atmospheric pressure, temperature, and humidity in industry

physical agent

these agents are chronic fiction and other mechanical forces that add unusual stresses to body mechanisms resulting in crushing, tearing, penetrating, wounds, sprains, dislocations, and/or fractures

mechanical agent

human, animal

host

virus, bacteria, fungi, parasite

agent

climate, housing, healthcare settings, travel

environment

the sum of all forces that influence the growth and development of an organism

environment

Components of environment:

a. physical b. socio-economic c. biologic

- This includes the geological structure of the area such as the hills, valleys, plateaus, soil, and rock composition, and the presence of water, plants, etc. - A fertile area may favor the development of arthropods, particularly in swampy places; dusty deserts harbor fungus and bacterial spores. - Weather, climate, and seasons also influence the type of communicable disease present. - The physical environment is an important factor in successful parasitism

PHYSICAL

- The richer the area, the better the environmental sanitation, disposal of sewage and garbage, availability of medical facilities, etc. - All these cost money.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC

- This includes the “universe of living things that surround man, all else than man himself.” - These are the animals man uses for food and for the beast of burden, plants he uses for food, etc., the arthropods and microorganisms found in the air, soil and water

BIOLOGIC

Reservoirs of Infections are:

▪ Man ▪ Animal ▪ Inanimate organic matter ▪ Plant ▪ Soil

Sources of Infections:

Thing, person, object or substance from which an infectious agent passes immediately to a host.