Introduction To The Body Flashcards
Scientific method
Any logical and systematic approach to discovering principles of nature, often involving testing of tentative explanation called hypotheses
Hypothesis (plural = hypotheses
A proposed explanation of an observed phenomenon.
Experimentation
The performance of a study that usually tests a tentative explanation of nature called a hypothesis
Experimental controls
Any procedure within a scientific experiment ensures that the test situation itself is not affecting the outcome of the experiment
Theory vs Law
Law - a scientific law is a theory, or explanation of a scientific principle, with an extraordinary high degree of confidence of scientists based on experimentation
Theory - an explanation of a scientific principle that has been tested experimentally and found to be true; compare to hypothesis and law
Levels of organization
The levels of organization progress from the least complex (chemical level) to the most complex (organism level.)
Chemical Level Of Organization Includes:
Atoms-> Molecules
What are cells considered
To be the smallest “living” units of structure and function in our body.
What is an organization of many cells that act together to perform a common function?
Tissues
What is a group of several different kinds of tissues arranged in ways that allow them to act as a unit to perform a special function? Is also larger and more complex than tissues.
Organs
Unlike microscopic molecules and cells, some tissues and most organs are gross (large) structures that can be seen easily without a microscope.
What are the most complex units that make up the body? A varying numbers and types of organs that can work together to perform complex functions?
System
What is the body as a whole?
Organism
Supine Position
– the body is lying face upward
Prone Position
- the body is lying face downward
Superior
– towards the head, upper or above
Inferior – towards the feet, lower or below
Anterior (ventral)
– front, in front of
Posterior (dorsal)
– back, at the back of
Medial
– towards the midline of the body
Lateral
– towards the side, away from the midline
Proximal
–nearest the trunk of the body or nearest the point of origin of a body part
Distal
– away from or farthest from the trunk or point of origin of a body part
Superficial
– nearer the surface of the body
Deep
– farther away from the body surface
Sagittal plane
– a lengthwise plane running from front and back dividing the body into right and left portions
Midsagittal plane
- divides body into equal right and left halves
Frontal or Coronal plane
– a lengthwise plane running from side to side dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions
Transverse plane
– a horizontal or crosswise plane dividing the body into upper and lower portions
Ventral Cavities
1.1 Thoracic cavity or Chest cavity
1.1.1 Mediastinum - contains the heart, trachea, esophagus, aorta, vena cavae, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, thymus
1.1.2. Pleural cavities - contain the lungs
Abdominal Cavity
-contains the stomach, intestines,
liver, gall bladder, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, adrenal glands
diaphragm
The diaphragm anatomically separates the thoracic cavity
from the abdominal cavity below.
Pelvic cavity
- contains the urinary bladder,
uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, rectum, prostate gland
There is no anatomical structure that separates the abdominal cavity from the pelvic cavity, hence the term
abdominopelvic cavity to refer to the two cavities taken as a whole.
Dorsal Cavities
2.1 Cranial cavity -
contains the brain
2.2 Spinal cavity -
contains the spinal
cord
Right Upper or
Right Superior Quadrant holds what organs?
Liver (right lobe)
Gallbladder
Pylorus (of stomach)
Duodenum
Pancreas (head)
Right kidney and adrenal gland
Colon: upper ascending colon,
hepatic flexure and right half of
transverse colon
Left Upper or Left Superior
Quadrant holds what organs
Liver (left lobe)
Spleen
Stomach
Part of jejunum
Proximal ileum
Pancreas (body and tail)
Left kidney and adrenal gland
Colon: left half of transverse
colon, splenic flexure and
superior part of descending
colon
Right Lower or Right
Inferior Quadrant holds what organs?
Majority of ileum
Cecum with vermiform
appendix
Lower ascending colon
Right ureter
Right ovary
Right fallopian tube
Left Lower or Left
Inferior Quadrant
Part of jejunum
Distal descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Left ureter
Left ovary
Left fallopian tube
NINE REGIONS OF THE ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY
Right Hypochondriac Region
Epigastric Region
Left Hypochondriac Region
Right Lumbar Region
Umbilical Region
Left Lumbar Region
Right Iliac or Right
Hypogastric Region
Left Iliac or Left Inguinal
Upper abdominopelvic regions
The right and left hypochondriac
regions and the epigastric
region lie above an imaginary
line across the abdomen at the
level of the 9th rib cartilages
Right Hypochondriac Region
Right lobe of Liver
Gall Bladder
Epigastric Region
Right and left lobes of liver
Major part of the stomach
Left Hypochondriac Region
Small portion of the stomach
A portion of the splenic flexure
Spleen
Middle abdominopelvic
regions
– The right and left
lumbar regions and the
umbilical region lie below
an imaginary line across
the abdomen at the level of
the 9th rib cartilages and
above an imaginary line
across the abdomen at the
top of the hip bones.
Right Lumbar Region
Ascending Colon
Hepatic Flexure
Portions of the small intestine
Umbilical Region
Transverse Colon
Portions of the small intestine
Left Lumbar Region
Splenic Flexure
Descending Colon
Portions of the small intestine
Lower abdominopelvic
regions
The right and left iliac (inguinal)
regions) and the hypogastric
region lie below an imaginary
line across the abdomen at
the level of the top of the hip
bones
Right Iliac or Right
Inguinal Region
Cecum
Portions of the small intestine
Hypogastric Region
Portions of the small intestine
Appendix
Urinary Bladder
Left Iliac or Left Inguinal
Region
Portions of the small intestine
and descending colon
The hierarchy of structural organization
. Chemical Level - Atoms form molecules
. Cellular Level - Cells and their functional subunits
. Tissue Level - A group of cells performing a common function
. Organ Level - A discrete structure made up of more than one tissue
. Organ System Level - Organs working together for a common purpose
. Organismal Level - The result of all simpler levels working in unison
