Introduction to Statistics and Epidemiology Flashcards
Two types of Data
Primary Data and Secondary Data
Data those OBTAINED FIRST HAND by the
investigator to help him answer
specifically the purposes of his study
Primary Data
Data are those which are ALREADY EXISTING
and
which have been obtained by some
other people for purposes not necessarily
those of
the investigator’s.
Secondary Data
it refers to ORDERLY PROCESSES OF DATA COLLECTION,
organization, presentation and interpretation
(tabulation of data, computation of rates and frequency distribution, graphic presentation)
Method
it refers to QUANTITATIVE DATA affected to a marked
extent by a multiplicity of causes.
Data
Data are collected in order to measure something (4)
number of deaths, births, specific diseases,
hospital admissions
Sources of Data
- Census
- Registries of vital events
- Reports of occurrence of notifiable
diseases - Different records
- Family Records
Methods of Data Collection
- Saves time, energy and money
- Data is routinely obtained, did NOT
HAVE in mind the SPECIFIC QUESTIONS
OF THE RESEARCHER
Documented sources
Methods of Data Collection
- studies specific segments
or subsets of population
Sample surveys
2 Census
De facto and De jure
Methods of Data Collection
- studies total population
Census
Methods of Data Collection
“who is here now”
- people are allocated to the
areas where they were physically
present at the census date
regardless of where they usually
live
De facto
Methods of Data Collection
“who belongs here”
- assigns individuals to the
place of their usual residence
regardless of where they were
actually enumerated during the
census.
De jure
Methods of Data Collection
-one on one encounter, use list of
questions, to know opinions or
feelings of subjects
- Questionnaires can be sent for
respondents living in far-flung
areas
Interview
Classification of statistical data (4)
Demographics
Health Status
Health Resources
Health-related Socio-economic Environmental Factors
Classification of statistical data
ex. Population size, age, sex, geographic
distribution, mortality, morbidity, growth rate
Demographics
Classification of statistical data
ex. Causes and distribution of mortality
and morbidity as to residence, place of occurrence, age,
sex
Health Status
Classification of statistical data
ex. Number and distribution of health
facilities, health manpower, health expenditures
Health Resources
Classification of statistical data
ex.
Water supply, excreta disposal, school enrollment, food
establishment, transports, food intake/habits
Health-related Socio-economic Environmental Factors
Methods of Data presentation (3)
Narrative Method
Tabular Presentation
Graphical Presentation
It refers to the ARRANGEMENT OF ANY DATA in an
orderly sequence, so that they can be presented
concisely and compactly and so that they can be
understood easily.
Tabulation
PROVIDE a compact WAY OF PRESENTING large sets of
detailed information
Tables
Table 3 prime
considerations in the CONSTRUCTION OF TABLES
Simplicity, clarity, directness
Parts of a table
Arabic numerals are used. Place it on the first line of the
tile.
Table number
Parts of the Table
it should state the objective of the table. It should clearly,
briefly and comprehensively what the figures in the body of the table stand
for. How the data are classified, where and when obtained
Title
Parts of the Table
indicate the basis of classification of the rows or
horizontal series of figures
Row headings/Stubs
Parts of a Table
indicate the basis of classification of the columns or
vertical series of figures
Column headings
Parts of the Table
this is made up of the figures filling the cells or compartments brought about by the coordinates of rows and columns
Body of the table
Parts of the Table
indicate the source of information
Footnote
Graphical Presentation
- ______ are simpler to read and appeal to a
greater number of people than tables. - ___________ can be presented in a simpler
language - _____________ which could otherwise be
missed in tables stand out more clearly.
Graphs
Large complex data
Trends or patterns
Graphical Presentation
For
comparisons
of absolute
or relative
counts
Bar graph
Graphical Presentation
Shows
the
breakdown
of a group
per total
where the
number of
categories
is not too
many
Pie chart
Graphical Presentation
Similar to a bar graph but groups
number into ranges
Histogram
Graphical Presentation
Same
function
as
histogram
Frequency polygon
Graphical Presentation
Shows trend data or changes with time
or age with respect to some other
variable
Line diagram
- Show correlation between simultaneous measurement
- shows relationship between 2 sets of
data
Scatterpoint
- is the statistical
study of human popu
lation. - It can be a very
general science that
can be applied to any
kind of dynamic human
population, that is,
one that changes over
time or space.
Demography
- is the other COMMON direct METHOD OF
COLLECTING DEMOGRAPHIC DATA. - is usually conducted by a national
government and attempts to enumerate
every person in a country. - Analyses are conducted after a ____
to estimate how much over or
undercounting took place.
Census
is defined as an official and
periodic enumeration of population.
Census
Two methods of data collection
Direct data
Indirect methods
Data collection
Refers to the annual number of live births per 1,000
people.
Crude birth rate
Data collection
- Refers to the annual number of live births per 1,000
women of childbearing age (often taken to be from 15 to
49 years old, but sometimes from 15 to 44).
General fertility rate
Data Collection
Refers to the annual number of live births per 1,000
women in particular age groups (usually age 15-19, 20-24
etc.)
Age-specific fertility rates
Data collection
Refers to the annual number of deaths per 1,000 people.
crude death rates
Data collection
Refers to the annual number of deaths of children less
than 1 year old per 1,000 live births.
Infant mortality rate
Data collection
Refers to the number of years which an individual at a
given age could expect to live at present mortality
levels.
Life expectancy
Data collection
Refers to the number of live births per woman completing her
reproductive life, if her childbearing at each age reflected current
age-specific fertility rates
Total fertility rate
Data collection
Refers the average number of children a woman must have in order to
replace herself with a daughter in the next generation.
Replacement level fertility
Data collection
Refers to the number of daughters who would be born to a woman
completing her reproductive life at current age-specific fertility
rates.
Gross reproduction rate
Data collection
is the expected number of daughters, per newborn prospective
mother, who may or may not survive to and through the ages of
childbearing.
Net reproduction ratio
Data collection
one that has had constant crude birth and death rates for such
long time that the percentage of people in every age class remains
constant, or equivalently, the population pyramid has an
unchanging structure.
Stable population
Data collection
one that is both stable and unchanging in size (the difference
between crude birth rate and crude death rate is zero).
- A stable population does not necessarily remain fixed in size, it
can be expanding or shrinking
Stationary population
Populations can change through three processes:
Fertility, Mortality, Migration
involves the number of children
that women have and is to be
contrasted with fecundity.
Fertility
is the study of the causes,
consequences, and measurement of
processes affecting death to
members of the population.
Mortality
refers to the movement of persons from an
origin place to a
destination place
across some predefined, political
boundary
Migration
- also called a proportion
is the quotient of two
numbers - A good example is number
of deaths per population
ratio
- is a ratio involving a
time period. - The count or measurement
is observed over a
period and then divided
by its base or
population of
observation.
rate
measures the frequency of
occurrence of the phenomenon
during a given period of
time.
Deals only with NEW cases.
incidence rate
measures the proportion of
the population which exhibits
a particular disease at a
particular time.
- This can only be determined
following a survey of the
population concerned.
- Deals with total (old and
new) number of cases
prevalence rate
This is rough of the fertility of the population
● The rate is called crude for the following reasons
● Only live births are counted
crude birth rate
This is a measure of the risk of dying from all causes in a
population
crudes death rate
Measure the risk of dying due to the process of
pregnancy, childbirth and puerperium.
● It also measures the adequacy of maternal health
services
maternal mortality rate
Measures the risk of dying due to infancy (under
1 year of age)
● deaths under 1 year of age/ number of live
births x 1000
Infant mortality rate
Measures the risk of dying in the first four weeks of life of the
infant (newborn)
● The number of children dying under 28 days of age divided by the number
of live births that year
● (Number of infant death / number of life birth) X 1000
neonatal mortality rate
Measures the risk of dying before birth
fetal death rate
The word means around the period of birth (a month or more before
births and one month after birth)
● Measures the loss of life in later pregnancy and early infancy.
pre-natal mortality rate
