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Biostatistics > Introduction to Statistics > Flashcards

Introduction to Statistics Flashcards

1
Q

statistics is derived from Latin word

A

status

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2
Q

status means

A

state

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3
Q

its early uses involved compilation of data and graphs describing various aspects of the state or country

A

statistics

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4
Q

actual
numbers derived from data a

A

statistics

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5
Q

method of analyzing and
interpreting data.

A

statistics

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6
Q

is a science which deals with the collection, presentation, analysis,
and interpretation of quantitative data

A

statistics

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7
Q

a collection of quantitative
data, such as statistics of crimes, statistics on enrollment, statistics on unemployment, and the like.

A

statistics

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8
Q

example of use of statistics

A

surveys
consumer preference
experiments
sampling
economics

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9
Q

It deals with the methods of organizing, summarizing and presenting a mass of data so as
to yield meaningful information.

A

descriptive statistics

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10
Q

It deals with making generalizations about a body of data where only a part of it is
examined. This comprises methods concerned with the analysis of a subset of data leading
to predictions or inferences about the entire set of data

A

inferential statistics

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11
Q

is the set of all individuals or entities under consideration or study. It may be
a finite or infinite collection of objects, events, or individuals, with specified class or
characteristics under consideration.

A

population

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12
Q

is a characteristic of interest measurable on each and every individual in the
population, denoted by any capital letter in the English alphabet.

A

variable

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13
Q

types of variable

A

qualitative
quantitative

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14
Q

consists of categories or attributes, which have non-numerical
characteristics.

A

qualitative variable

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15
Q

consists of numbers representing counts or measurements

A

quantitative variable

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16
Q

classification of quantitative variable

A

discrete
continuous

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17
Q

results from either a finite number of possible values or a
countable number of possible values

A

discrete

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18
Q

e results from infinitely many possible values that can
be associated with points on a continuous scale in such a way that there are no gaps or
interruptions

A

continuous quantitative variable

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19
Q

is part of the population or a sub-collection of elements drawn from a population

A

sample

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20
Q

is a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a population

A

parameter

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21
Q

c is a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a sample

A

statistic

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22
Q

is often conducted to gather opinions or feedbacks about a variety of topics

A

survey

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23
Q

most often simply referred to as census, is conducted by gathering
information from the entire population

A

census survey

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24
Q

most often simply referred to as survey, is conducted by gathering
information only from part of the population

A

sampling survey

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25
Q

classify the ff quantitative variable

number of students
number of books
number of patient
age
monthly income
money

A

discrete quantitative

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26
Q

classify the ff quantitative variable
height
weight
gwa
time
length

A

continuous quantitative variable

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27
Q

four levels of measurement

A

nominal
ordinal
interval
ratio

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28
Q

is characterized by data that consist of names, labels, or categories only

A

nominal

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29
Q
  • The data cannot
    be arranged in an ordering scheme.
  • considered to be the weakest level as it uses number
    and symbols to classify object, person, or characteristics.

This level or scale is classificatory in
nature.

A

nominal

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30
Q

level of measurement

ex: name, religion, civil status, address, sex, degree program

A

nominal

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31
Q

involves data that may be arranged in some order, but differences between data values
either cannot be determined or are meaningless.

A

ordinal

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32
Q

`This scale, although categorical in nature, shows
difference or some kind of relation between categories (greater than or Less than).

A

ordinal

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33
Q

level of measurement

military rank
job position
year level

A

ordinal

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34
Q

is like the ordinal level, with the additional property that meaningful amounts of
differences between data can be determined

A

interval

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35
Q

there is no inherent (natural) zero starting point.

A

interval

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36
Q

level of measurement

IQ score
temperature (C and F)
dates

A

interval

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37
Q

is the interval level modified to include the inherent zero starting point. For values at this
level, differences and ratios are meaningful.

A

Ratio

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38
Q

level of measurement

height, area, width, weekly allowance, absolute zero (kelvin)

A

ratio

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39
Q

what level of measurement is applied for qualitative variables

A

nominal
ordinal

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40
Q

level of measurement for quantitative variables

A

interval
ratio

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41
Q

Excel, JMP, SPSS, Minitab
are what

A

Statistical Software

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42
Q

classifying variables by type (2)

A

numerical
categorical

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43
Q

data that is derived from counting process (how many?)

A

discrete

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44
Q

data that is describe from a measuring process - how much?

A

continuous

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45
Q

numbers from a population

A

parameter

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46
Q

all of the data that is collected in a particular study

A

data set

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47
Q

the entity on which the data or collected

A

elements

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48
Q

the characteristic from each element that we are studying

A

variable

49
Q

each individual measurment

A

observation

50
Q

data collected at one point in time

A

cross sectional data

51
Q

data collected over several time periods

A

time series data

52
Q

data that already exist in some form

A

secondary data

53
Q

data that you collect for your use

A

primary data

54
Q

data that exist within your corporation or organization

A

internal secondary data

55
Q

data that exists outside your corporation or organization

A

external secondary data

56
Q

process of capturing, storing , and maintaining data

A

data warehousing

57
Q

system to extract information and uncover patterns

A

data mining

58
Q

the process of using statistics to draw conclusions about population parameters

A

statistical inference

59
Q

Determine whether the following statements use the area of descriptive statistics or
statistical inference.

A bowler wants to find his bowling average for the past 12 games.

A

descriptive

60
Q

Determine whether the following statements use the area of descriptive statistics or
statistical inference.

A manager would like to predict based on previous years’ sales, the sales performance of
a company for the next five years.

A

inferential

61
Q

Determine whether the following statements use the area of descriptive statistics or
statistical inference.

A politician would like to estimate, based on an opinion poll, his chance for winning in the
upcoming senatorial election.

A

inferential

62
Q

Determine whether the following statements use the area of descriptive statistics or
statistical inference.

A teacher wishes to determine the percentage of students who passed the examination.

A

descriptive

63
Q

Determine whether the following statements use the area of descriptive statistics or
statistical inference.

A student wishes to determine the average monthly expenditures on school supplies for the
past five months.

A

descriptive

64
Q

Determine whether the following statements use the area of descriptive statistics or
statistical inference.

A basketball player wants to estimate his chance of winning the most valuable player
(MVP) award based on his current season averages and the averages of his opponents.

A

inferential

65
Q

Classify the following statements as belonging to the area of descriptive statistics or
statistical inference. Write DS for descriptive statistics and write IS for inferential statistics on
the space provided.

  1. Recording the number of infected persons of COVID 19 in a certain barangay.
  2. If the present trend continues, the number of infected people of COVID 19 will reduce
    dramatically within a month.
  3. In a certain city, arsonists deliberately set 3% of all fires reported last year.
  4. Records show that case of dengue has decrease in the last 5 years.
  5. As a result of a recent poll, most Filipinos are in favor of electronic voting.
A

DS
IS
DS
IS
DS

66
Q

Classify the following statements as belonging to the area of descriptive statistics or
statistical inference. Write DS for descriptive statistics and write IS for inferential statistics on
the space provided.

  1. Philippines’ Gross Domestic Product (GDP) grows by 5.9% in 2019, -0.3 percentage lower
    than its 6.2% performance in 2018.
  2. The average grade of Annalyn, a BS Biology student in her 8 subjects is 3.57.
  3. In the United States, it was predicted from current trend that the deaths due to covid19 will
    reach 15000 by end June 2020.
  4. All four provinces of ARMM are among the 10 poorest provinces in the Philippines for 2002.
  5. Data show the number of enrollees in private institution will decrease by 15% next School
    Year.
A

DS
DS
IS
DS
IS

67
Q

Identify the population, variable of interest, and type of variable in the following:

  1. The dean of CSCS would like to determine the average weekly allowance of BS Computer
    Science students.
  2. The registrar of DLSU-D would like to conduct a survey on the preferred courses of grade
    12 students in Cavite.
  3. The dean of the a certain college would like to know the number of students who are
    smoking.
  4. A survey by a group of students entitled β€œDress Code” will be conducted to first year
    students to determine the fashion preferences of these students.
  5. A group of researchers would like to know the number of deaths due to COVID 19 in all
    countries in Southeast Asia.
A

DQV
Quali
DQV
Quali
DQV

68
Q

: Identify the population, variable of interest, and type of variable in the following:

From all students registered this semester, the Mathematics and Statistics Department
would like to know how many students like Statistics.
7. A study to be conducted by NGO would determine the Filipinos’ awareness about the
spread of COVID in the Philippines.
8. A group of students taking Statistics conducted a study on the effect of distant learning to
the academic performance of the students.
9. Some parents would like to determine whether Mobile Legend is good or bad to the
behavior of their children.
10. The head librarian would like to identify the e-book/s commonly read by DLSU-D
students.

A

DQV
Quali
Quali
Quali
Quali
Quali

69
Q

Identify each statement as having discrete or continuous data. Write D for discrete and
C for continuous.
1. Among the 855 deaths due to COVID19, 349 are female.
2. A student spent on the average 3.54 hours per day studying his/her lesson.
3. Yesterday’s records show that there is an increase of 955 new cases of COVID19 infection.
4. A COVID 19 patient can recover from sickness to about 12-16 days.
5. Upon completion of a diet and exercise program, Elmer weighed 12.37 lbs. less than when he
started the program.

A

D
C
D
C
C

70
Q

Identify which of the following quantitative data would be presented by a discrete
variable or a continuous variable. Write DV for discrete variable and write CV for continuous
variable.

Number of pairs of pants
2. Time (in minutes) to finish a 4-km marathon.
3. Circumference (in inches) of coconut trunk
4. Length (in cm) of harvested bamboo
5. Dimension (LWT) of the newest brand of cellular phone

A

DV
CV
CV
CV
CV

71
Q

Identify which of the following quantitative data would be presented by a discrete
variable or a continuous variable. Write DV for discrete variable and write CV for continuous
variable.

Percentage increase in enrolment this year
7. Number of COVID 19 infections of 50 countries
8. Monthly income of 100 randomly selected persons at KADIWA Market
9. Number of heads when a coin is tossed 25 times
10. Age in years of COVID 19 patients.

A

CV
DV
DV
DV
DV

72
Q

At what level are the following variables measured? Write nominal, ordinal, interval
or ratio on the space provided.

  1. Student number
  2. Emotional quotient of teachers
  3. Telephone number
  4. Species of orchid plants
  5. Final course grades of 0.0, 1.0,1.25,1. 50,…
A

N
I
N
N
I

73
Q

At what level are the following variables measured? Write nominal, ordinal, interval
or ratio on the space provided.

  1. LEVEL OF COMPLIANCE, such as always, usually, frequently, sometimes, never
  2. Intelligence quotients of 50 selected students in CSU.
  3. Lengths of TV commercials ( in seconds)
  4. The years 1896, 2000, 1776,1995
  5. Attitude toward gun laws such as favorable, somewhat favorable, somewhat unfavorable
A

O
I
R
N
O

74
Q

At what level are the following variables measured? Write nominal, ordinal, interval
or ratio on the space provided.

  1. Zip codes
  2. Board exam rating
  3. Harvest in kilograms of per hectare of rice
  4. Candidate voted for in 2019 senatorial elections
  5. Tax Identification Number
A

N
R
R
N
N

75
Q
  1. Altitude of mountains liters of gasoline consumed day
  2. Rate of success in the entrance exam
  3. Systolic Blood pressure
  4. Height of students
  5. Number of COVID 19 infection per day
A

R
R
I
R
R

76
Q
  1. Number of won cases in court
  2. Academic rank in High School
  3. Savings Account Number
  4. Are you a Pag-Ibig Member? (Yes/No)
  5. Number of books sold per day
A

R
O
N
N
R

77
Q
  1. Weekly expenses in internet subscription of CvSU students
  2. Main source of income
  3. Birth order in the family
  4. Number of organizations involved in
  5. Car plate number
A

R
N
O
R
N

78
Q

a narrative description of the data gathered.

A

textual method

79
Q

a systematic arrangement of information into columns and rows

A

tabular method

80
Q

an illustrative description of the data

A

graphical method

81
Q

is a statistical table showing the frequency or number of observations contained in each of the defined classes or categories.

A

frequency distribution table

82
Q

Parts of a Statistical Table (4)

A

table heading
body
stubs or classes
caption

83
Q

includes the table number and the title of the table.

A

table heading

84
Q

main part of the table that contains the information or figures.

A

body

85
Q

classification or categories describing the data and usually found at the left most side of the table.

A

stubs or classes

86
Q

designations or identifications of the information contained in a column, usually found at the topmost of the column.

A

caption

87
Q

is a frequency distribution table where the data are grouped according to some qualitative characteristics; data are grouped into non numerical categories.

A

qualitative or categorial FDT

88
Q

frequency distribution table where the data are grouped according to some numerical or quantitative characteristics.

A

quantitative FDT

89
Q

range formula

A

𝑅=β„Žπ‘–π‘”β„Žπ‘’π‘ π‘‘ π‘£π‘Žπ‘™π‘’π‘’βˆ’π‘™π‘œπ‘€π‘’π‘ π‘‘ π‘£π‘Žπ‘™π‘’π‘’

90
Q

number of classes (K) formula

A

𝐾= βˆšπ‘ , where N is the total number of observations in the data set.

91
Q

class size is determined by first computing what

A

preliminary class size

92
Q

preliminary class size formula

A

c’ = R/K

93
Q

conditions of the actual class sizes are (2)

A

a. It should have the same number of decimal places as in the raw data.
b. It should be odd in the last digit.

94
Q

other columns in FDT (5)

A

True class boundaries
Class Mark
Relative frequency
Cumulative frequency
Relative Cumulative frequency

95
Q

TCB (true class boundaries) include (2)

A

Lower True Class Boundaries (LTCB)
Upper True Class Boundaries (UTCB)

96
Q

LTCB formula

A

𝐿𝑇𝐢𝐡=πΏπΏβˆ’1/2 𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑑 π‘œπ‘“ π‘šπ‘’π‘Žπ‘ π‘’π‘Ÿπ‘’

97
Q

UTCB formula

A

π‘ˆπ‘‡πΆπ΅=π‘ˆπΏ+1/2 𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑑 π‘œπ‘“ π‘šπ‘’π‘Žπ‘ π‘’π‘Ÿπ‘’

98
Q

midpoint of the class interval where the observations tend to cluster about.

A

class mark

99
Q

class mark formula

A

𝐢𝑀= 1/2 (𝐿𝐿+π‘ˆπΏ) π‘œπ‘Ÿ 𝐢𝑀= 1/2(𝐿𝑇𝐢𝐡+π‘ˆπ‘‡πΆπ΅)

100
Q

– the proportion of observations falling in a class and is expressed in percentage.

A

relative frequency

101
Q

RF formula

A

RF = frequency /n

102
Q

%RF frequency

A

frequency / N *100

103
Q

accumulated frequency of the classes.

A

cumulative frequency

104
Q
  • total number of observations whose values do not exceed the upper limit of class.
A

less than CF (<CF)

105
Q

– total number of observations whose values are not less than the lower limit of the class

A

Greater than CF

106
Q

s a device for showing numerical values or relationships in pictorial form

A

h/chart

107
Q

advantages of a graph/chart

A

main features and implications of a body of data can be seen at once
can attract attention and hold the reader’s interest
simplifies concepts that would otherwise have been expressed in so many words
can readily clarify data, frequently bring out hidden facts and relationships.

108
Q

Qualities of a Good Graph:

A

It is accurate.
It is clear.
It is simple.
It has a good appearance.

109
Q

Common Types of Graph

A

line chart
scatter graph
pie chart
column and bar graph

110
Q

– graphical presentation of data especially useful for showing trends over a period of time.

A

line chart

111
Q

Is a graph used to present measurements or values that are thought to be related.

A

scatter graph

112
Q

a circular graph that is useful in showing how a total quantity is distributed among a group of categories. The β€œpieces of pie” represent the proportions of the total that fall into each category.

A

pie chart

113
Q

like pie charts, column charts and bar charts are applicable only to grouped data. They should be used for discrete, grouped data of ordinal or nominal scale

A

column and bar graph

114
Q

– a bar graph that displays the classes on the horizontal axis and the frequencies of the classes on the vertical axis.

A

frequency histogram

115
Q

a line chart that is constructed by plotting the frequencies at the class marks and connecting the plotted points by means of straight lines.

A

frequency polygon

116
Q

graphs of the cumulative frequency distribution

A

ogives

117
Q

the <CF is plotted against the UTCB

A

<Ogive

118
Q

the >CF is plotted against the LTCB

A

> ogive

119
Q

study how to make FDT

A

+1

Biostatistics (10 decks)

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