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Hunter's Sociology Degree > Introduction to Sociology Vocabulary > Flashcards

Introduction to Sociology Vocabulary Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three golden rules of research?

A

Do no harm.
Get informed consent.
Ensure voluntary participation.

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2
Q

The ability to connect the most basic, intimate aspects of an individual’s life to seemingly impersonal and remote historical forces. (C. Wright Mills)

A

The Sociological Imagination

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3
Q

Groups of interdependent positions that, together, perform a social role and reproduce themselves over time.

A

Social Institutions

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4
Q

Emphasizes the scientific method to study objectively observable behavior of individuals, irrespective of the meaning those actions have for the subject themselves.

A

Positivism Sociology

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5
Q

A subfield in which researchers imagine themselves experiencing the life positions of the social actors they want to understand, rather than treating those people as objects to be examined.

A

Interpretive Sociology

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6
Q

A field that understands the local interactional contexts, focusing on face-to-face encounters and gathering data through participant observations and in-depth reviews.

A

Microsociology

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7
Q

a microsociology subfield, focusing on day-to-day interactions, their meanings and interpretations.

A

Symbolic Interactionalism

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8
Q

Looks at social dynamics across whole societies, people, or large parts of them.

A

Macrosociology

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9
Q

A macrosociology subfield, and theory, stating that various social institutions and processes in society exist to serve important functions to keep society running.

A

Functionalism

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10
Q

A social theory based on the importance of equality. It states that society is a struggle between groups ultimately playing king of the hill.

A

Conflict Theory

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11
Q

A theory stating that society reflects the interests of the society’s elites. Knowledge is socially constructed by the elites.

A

Critical Constructionism

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12
Q

An entity that exists because people behave as if it does, and whose existence is continued as people and social institutions act and behave with formal and informal rules associated with that entity.

A

Social Construct(ion)

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13
Q

Uses sociological research, teaching, and service to reach a wider audience.

A

Public Sociology

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14
Q

What are the steps to the Scientific Method

A

Choose a topic.
Find what is already known.
Choose methodology.
Collect/analyze date.
Relate findings to others.
Present findings.

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15
Q

Research methods that seek to obtain information about the social world that is already in–or can be–converted into a numerical value.

A

Quantitative Reserarch Method(s)

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16
Q

Research methods that seek to obtain information about the social world that cannot be converted into a numerical value.

A

Qualitative Research Method(s)

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17
Q

A type of relationship in which one factor is influencing another through direct or indirect means.

A

Causal Relationships

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18
Q

A type of relationship in which two or more factors change together. This can be positive (change in the same direction) or negative (going in opposite directions).

A

Correlation

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19
Q

Occurs when a change in one factors results in a corresponding change in another factor. This is different than correlation as in this case, one factor is the cause of change.

A

Causality

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20
Q

When a researcher believes factor A is causing a change in factor B, but in fact, factor B is causing a change in factor A.

A

Reverse Causality

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21
Q

A form of variable which is a measured factor of an experiment. The researcher believes this has a causal impact on the dependent variable.

A

Independent Variable

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22
Q

A form of variable which is a measured factor of the experiment. This is the part that the researcher is trying to explain, learn, or analyze.

A

Dependent Variable

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23
Q

A form of variable which is usually not measured. This is because this does not change throughout the study and is used for eliminating other possible outcomes.

A

Constant Variable

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24
Q

A proposed relationship between two variables, usually with a stated direction. This can also be called a “If/Then Statement”.

A

Hypothesis

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25
Q

How a concept (usually variables) are defined and how they will be measured.

A

Operationalization

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26
Q

The quality of measuring precisely what one intends to measure. For example, using a scale to measure distance.

A

Validity

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27
Q

The quality of consistent measurement (usually of a variable). For example, can a ruler consistently measure X item accurately each time.

A

Reliability

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28
Q

A phenomenon wherein a researcher’s presence affects their subject’s behavior or response, thereby disrupting the study.

A

White Coat Effect

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29
Q

The analyzing of critical consideration of the researcher’s role and effect on research. For example, the experimenter’s relationship to his subjects.

A

Reflexivity

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30
Q

What are some aspects of Feminist Methodology.

A

Treat women’s experience as legitimate, empirical, and theoretical sources.

Promote social science for women (think of Public Sociology).

Take into account the researcher as much as the subject matter.

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31
Q

A phenomenon stating that we have to be open about our methods. We must define and describe clear and consistent criteria for data evaluation (operationalization). But they have to follow from our research questions which are driven by theory, which then generate a hypothesis.

A

The Theory Problem

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32
Q

Social categories and concepts we embrace, such as beliefs, behaviors, and practices.

A

Culture

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33
Q

The belief that one’s own culture is superior to others. This can also be the viewing of other cultures from the perspective of your own.

A

Ethnocentrism

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34
Q

A part of culture that is constructed, physical environments. This can include technology, and primarily separates us from our natural environment and the wild.

A

Material Culture

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35
Q

A part of culture that is formal and informal beliefs. Examples of this include values, customs and other ethical and moral norms.

A

Nonmaterial Culture

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36
Q

The time it takes between a new technology (or other material culture) and words/practices that give it meaning.

A

Cultural Lag

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37
Q

The feelings from immersion in an unfamiliar culture (usually confusion or anxiety).

A

Culture Shock

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38
Q

The ability to flip between (fluidly) between multiple languages or cultural norms to fit situational context.

A

Code Switch

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39
Q

A hypothesis stating that language both reflects and influences how we think about and experience the world.

For example, if a language has a 100 different ways to say ‘love’, then it porbably has a very prominent place in the culture. However, if a language only has one word for ‘carpet’, carpet probably isn’t very the largest part of that culture.

A

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

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40
Q

The act of considering differences across cultures without passing judgement.

A

Cultural Relativism

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41
Q

The distinct cultural value and behavior of a particular group in society.

A

Subculture

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42
Q

Modes of behavior that are not universal or natural. As in, they are unique and come from a culture.

A

Cultural Script(s)

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43
Q

Moral beliefs and ethics of the society.

A

Values

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44
Q

How values tell us to behave.

A

Cultural norms

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45
Q

The process in with individuals internalize values, beliefs, and norms. This includes learning to function as a member of a society.

A

Socialization

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46
Q

A theory stating culture is a projection of social structures and relationships to the public sphere.

A

Reflection Theory

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47
Q

Any format, platform, or vehicle that present or communicate information.

A

Media

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48
Q

The steady acquisition of material possessions, as well as the belief that one can buy happiness.

A

Consumerism

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49
Q

The act of turning media against itself. This contradicts Consumerism.

A

Culture Jams

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50
Q

This is made from our ability to assume viewpoints of others. Especially their viewpoints on us. (Charles Horton Cooley)

A

The “Self”

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51
Q

This develops during childhood. Infants know only “I”, but through social interaction, they learn “me” and “you”. Children learn to recognize others, distinguish between self and other, and grasp the idea of people having roles. (George Herbert Mead)

A

The “Social Self”

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52
Q
A
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53
Q

Where people are totally immersed and all basics of day-to-day life are controlled by the same authority.

A

Total Institutions

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54
Q

Family socialization in which leisure time is structured with formal activities to foster talents.

A

Concerted Cultivation

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55
Q

Family socialization in which children are given room and resources to develop, but let them decide the structure.

A

Accomplishment of Natural Growth

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56
Q

A process in which one’s sense of values, beliefs, and norms are reengineered.

A

Resocialization

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57
Q
A
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58
Q

A position in society that comes with a set of expectations.

A

Status

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59
Q

A type of Status that is unlikely to change for the person.

A

Ascribed Status

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60
Q

A type of Status that is earned through effort or imposed by others.

A

Achieved Status

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61
Q

A type of Status that overrides all others and affects all other statuses that you possess. Your primary and highest status.

A

Master Status

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62
Q

Behaviors expected of you due to your status.

A

Roles

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63
Q

A result of social roles that occurs when the roles of two different statuses clash with each other.

A

Role Conflict

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64
Q

A result of social roles that occurs when roles associated with a single status clash or contradict.

A

Role Strain

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65
Q

A form of social roles that are a set of behavioral norms, assumed to accompany one’s sexual status.

A

Gender Roles

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66
Q

How people give meaning and value to ideas/objects through social interactions. This is embedded in ongoing process of everyday interactions.

A

Social Construction

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67
Q

A theory stating that social life is essentially a theatrical performance in which we are all actors on metaphorical stages. This includes each person having roles, scripts, costumes and a set.

A

Dramaturgical Theory

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68
Q

Also known as the “Methods of the People” and is the study of human interaction. It focuses on how we make sense of the world, convey to others, and produce social order.

A

Ethnomethodology

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69
Q

Collaborators exhibit abnormal or atypical behaviors in social interactions to see how people react.

A

Breaching Experiments

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70
Q

These come in the form of Dyads and Triads, and form the building blocks of social interaction as well as society.

A

Social Groups

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71
Q

A social role in a triad that tries to resolve conflict.

A

Mediator

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72
Q

A social role in a triad that benefits from the conflict of others.

A

Tertius Gaudens

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73
Q

A social role in a triad that intentionally drives a wedge between others.

A

Divide et Impera

74
Q

These social groups are groups of enduring, intimate, face-to-face relationships. They have limited members and are usually non-interchangable.

A

Primary Groups

75
Q
A
76
Q

These social groups are groups marketed by impersonal, instrumental relationships.

A

Secondary Groups

77
Q

These groups are organized by prominence. They are the powerful groups in society, often representing the majority.

A

In-Groups

78
Q

A group in society that can be used to make sense of our own position, group, or role.

A

Reference Group

79
Q

A notion that relatively weak ties turn out valuable because they yield new information.

A

Strength of Weak Ties

80
Q

Social connections that display consistent notions of a strong tie, however, they still maintain a protective distance.

A

Elastic Ties

81
Q

The information or connection of people/things, that allows one to enter, leverage, or gain power in a social network.

A

Social Capital

82
Q

Any social network that is defined by a common purpose. These are regulated by formal or informal structures.

A

An Organization

83
Q

The ways in which power and authority are distributed within itself.

A

Organizational Structure

84
Q

Any transgression of socially established norms. These can be minor transgressions or formal deviance (crime).

A

Social Deviance

85
Q

The first act of rule breaking, and a subform of Deviance. This usually results in the individual being labeled as a deviant, influencing how people see and behave towards them.

A

Primary Deviance

86
Q

The second act of rule breaking, and a subform of Deviance. This is a result of a person’s new, defiant label and other’s expectations of them.

A

Secondary Deviance

87
Q

The opposite of social deviation, this is the way people form social bonds, relate to eachother, and get along on a day-to-day basis.

A

Social Cohesion

88
Q

A way in which social cohesion is formed, it relies on the similarities of society’s members.

A
89
Q

Any transgression of socially established norms. These can be either minor transgressions or formal deviance (crime).

A

Social Deviance

90
Q

The first act of rule breaking and a subform of deviation. The person is labeled as defiant and influences how people see and behave towards that person.

A

Primary Deviance

91
Q

The second act of rule breaking and a subform of deviation. This is the result of a person’s new, defiant label and change in people’s expectations of them.

A

Secondary Deviance

92
Q

The opposite of social defiance. It is the way people form social bonds and relate to each other.

A

Social Cohesion

93
Q

A way in which social cohesion is formed, it is reliant on similarities of society’s members. (Emile Durkheim)

A

Mechanical or Segmental Solidarity

94
Q

A way in which social cohesion is formed, it is based on the differences of specialized parts of society. (Emile Durkheim)

A

Organic Solidarity.

95
Q

A form of justice focusing on the suffering of violators. This is to encourage defining acceptable behavior.

A

Punitive Justice

96
Q

A set of mechanisms that create normative compliance in individuals. There are three types of these to include Normative Compliance, Formal Social Sanctions and Informal Social Sanctions.

A

Social Control

97
Q

The qualitative measurement of how integrated one is with their social group or community.

A

Social Integration

98
Q

The number of rules guiding your daily life. More specifically, what can you expect from the world on a day-to-day basis.

A

Social Regulation

99
Q

A theory stating deviance occurs when a society fails to give all its members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals. When one fails to recognize and accept either socially appropriate goals, means, or both, they become socially deviant.

A

Strain Theory

100
Q

A theory stating people see how they are labeled and accept the label as “true”. People behave the way they think someone with their label should behave.

A

Labeling Theory

101
Q

A negative social label that changes one’s behavior towards a person, while also changing that person’s self-concept and social identity.

A

Stigma

102
Q

A social theory stating how social context and cues affect the way individuals act. People who would not exhibit a certain behavior in one social context might do so in another context where the behavior seems more permissable.

A

Broken Window Theory of Deviance

103
Q

This idea is a circular building composed of an inner ring circle within an outring. It is designed to serve as a prison in which the guards (housed in the inner circle) can observe the prisoners within the outer ring. In diong this, the detainees do not know (or are unsure) if they are bein watched.

This namesake sociologist argued that the penal systems have evolved from focusing on punishing body to, instead, reforming the soul. He believed this idea was linked to modern practices of surveillance.

A

Foucault’s Panopticon

104
Q

A heirarchical organization of society into groups. These groups vary with levels of power, status, and resources. Simply, it is the act of creating social ranks or a hierarchy.

A

Stratification

105
Q

A term referring to a two-directional relationship, or rather, a relationship that affects both parties. Famous examples of these are given to us by George Hegel and Karl Marx.

A

Dialectic

106
Q

This sociologist thought of a famous example of a dialectic. He stated that between a master and slave relationship, the two are mutually dependent on each other. This is because the master will eventually grow reliant on the slave, as the slave already does for the master.

A

Geroge Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

107
Q

This sociologist thought of a famous example of a dialectic. He believed contradictions apparent in capitalism will eventually lead the working class to overthrow the system. He inspired the rise of Communism and created the ideal of Dialectic Materialism.

A

Karl Marx

108
Q

The notion that history privileges conflict over economic resources as the central driver for change within a society.

A

Dialectic Materialism

109
Q

States that society’s many parts (institutions, norms, and traditions) mesh to produce a stable whole–like cogs in a machine. Inequality is looked as functional as it helps allocate the best people to the most important roles.

A

Structural Functionalism

109
Q

A form of equality that everyone has an equal chance to achieve wealth, prestige, power, etc. This is because the rules of the game are the same for everyone. An example can include antidiscrimination laws.

A

Equality of Opportunity

110
Q

A form of equality that slightly differs from Equality of Opportunity, as instead of an equal chance to achieve XYZ, this states that everyone should have an equal starting point in the game.

A

Equality of Condition

111
Q

A form of equality that each person must end of ith the same amount, regardless of “fairness” in the game. An example of this would be Karl Marx’s proposition of Communism.

A

Equality of Outcome

112
Q

A social problem that occurs when more than one person is responsible for accomplishing something. The incentive is for each individual to shirt responsibility and hope others will pull the extra weight.

A

Free Rider Problem

113
Q

These are the four types of Stratification (five according to some sociologists).

A

Estate System (Mobility, Feudal Europe).
Caste System (Religious and Theological Purity)
Class System (Class doesn’t respond to a person, but rather a role)
Status Hierarchy System
Elite Mass Dichotomy

114
Q

This sociologist theorized that society was in two classes. The lower class (Proletariat) sold their labor to the upper class (Bourgeoisie). Additionally, they theorized people occupy a third location, between these two “pure” classes.

A

Karl Marx’s Ideals on Proletariat vs. Bourgeoisie

115
Q

This sociologist believed groups were based on the common life chances or opportunities available in the marketplace. This included wealth, status, and influence.

A

Max Weber’s Class System

116
Q

This sociologist believed three major institutional forces in modern American society is where power of decision making were centralized. Specifically, these three forces were the economic institutions, the political order, and the military (Wealth, Influence, and Power).

A

C. Wright Mills’ Power Elite System

117
Q

An individual’s position in a stratified social order. This includes the commo stratification of upper, middle, and lower classes.

A

Socioeconomic Status

118
Q

The movement between different positions within a system of social stratification. This can be done horizontally or vertically, as well as structural and exchange.

A

Social Mobility

119
Q

A form of social mobility referring to the change of jobs within a class. Emphasis on ‘within a class’.

A

Horizontal Mobility
A way to rmember this is you are still within one single class. You are moving horizontally on the social ladder, not vertically into middle or upper class.

120
Q

A form of social mobility reffering to the change up or down the social ladder. An example of this could be a lower-class individual marrying the CEO of a large corporation.

A

Vertical Mobility

121
Q

A form of social mobility in which is the inevitable changes in the economy. This could be the expansion of a certain career field in the near future.

A

Structural Mobility

122
Q

A form of social mobility due to the swapping of jobs. This implies that as someone who is vertical mobile, someone else must move as a result of that.

A

Exchange Mobility.

123
Q

A collection of research that shows that parental education and net worth, not occupation or outcome, best predicts children’s education and other outcomes.

A

Status-Attainment Model

124
Q

The perceived biological differences society uses to distinguish males from females.

A

Sex

125
Q

Homosexual, bisexual, and heteronormativity (the idea that heterosexuality is the default orientation, from which other sexualities deviate from), are examples of what?

A

Sexual Identities

126
Q

This is the act of judging people’s gender practices. This can include reminding others of their gender’s roles and reinforcing gender order, leading to gender inequality.

A

Gender Policing

127
Q

This is a social “position”, as well as a set of social arrangements built around normative sex categories. It establishes expectation, orders our daily lives, and is one of the fundamental building blocks of our society.

A

Gender

128
Q

This is a gender in which the entity is neither masculine or feminine.

A

Androgynous

129
Q

This term describes people whose gender does not correspond to their birth sex.

A

Transgender

130
Q

This term describes people whose gender does correspond to their birth sex.

A

Cisgender

131
Q

This Feminist–Philosopher proposed that the we view the relationship between the natural and social (sex and gender) similar to a mobius strip. They claimed biological sex makes up the inside, where as the social world and gender make the outside. This is because we often switch between them while speaking, without even noticing that we’ve changed the focus.

A

Elizabeth Grosz

132
Q

This is the condition in which men are dominant and privileged, and this dominance and privilege is unavoidable.

A

Hegemonic Masculinity.

133
Q

A social movement to get people to understand that gender is an organizing principle in society and to address gender-based inequalities.

A

Feminism

134
Q

This system after its namesake founder, challenged the assumption that since women’s subordination occurred everywhere, it must be fulfilling a societal function.

A

Rubin’s Sex/Gender System

135
Q

This theory assumes gender differences exists to fulfill necessary societal function. In addition, it is implied that other structures cannot fill the same function. This is similar to Rubin’s Sex and Gender System.

A

Sex Role Theory

136
Q

This field focuses on individualistic explanations for gender differences as opposed to societal differences. It also supports the idea that there are natural differences between men and women, as well as dictate how they behave.

A

Psychoanalysis of Gender

137
Q

These theories focus on “doing gender”, that gender is a process. Gender is not a fixed identity or role, but rather a product of those interactions. To be man/women is not biology, but to constantly perform that role.

A

Interactionist Theories

138
Q

This is the roleplay between social identities such as race, glass, status, sexual orientation, etc.

A

Intersectionality

139
Q

This is the intersecting domains of oppression that create a social space of domination. For example, if the White, Christian male is the dominant group of society (think early 1800s America), what types of oppression are at work towards African Americans, Native Americans, and even women in society at that time?

A

Matrix of Domination

140
Q

This is the term for when a person’s sex or gender is the basis for judgement, discrimination, or other differential treatment towards that individual.

A

Sexism

141
Q

This is an illegal form of discrimination that revolves around sexuality. It can involve anything from jokes, batering and coersion, to even assault.

A

Sexual Harassment

142
Q

This term refers to an invisible limit on the women’s climb up the occupational ladder.

A

Glass Ceiling

143
Q

This term refers to accelerated promotion of men to the top of a work organization, especially in feminized jobs.

A

Glass Escalator

144
Q

A group of people who share (usually physical) characteristics. It is a social construction that changes over time and across contexts. For example, an African American was probably just called “slave” in the 1700-1800s, or as a “negro” in the 1900s, and finally just as “black” in the 2000s.

A

Race

145
Q

The belief that members of a separate race possess different and unequal human traits. Specifically, humans are divided into distinct groups (by bloodline or physical traits). There is additional belief that some of these groups or races are inferior or superior to others. Over time, this term has changed to be more social then biological.

A

Racism

146
Q

The application of Darwinian ideas to society, namely, the evolutionary “survival of the fittest”. This was encouraged by Herbert Spencer, as he believed some races evolved more than others, and therefore, were more fir to survive and rule.

A

Social Darwinism

147
Q

This is the “science” of genetic lines and the inheritable traits they pass.

A

Eugenics

148
Q

The movement to protect and preserve indigenous land or culture from the allegedly dangerous and polluting effects of new immigrants.

A

Nativism

149
Q

This was a court case here in the United States in which the named man (who was an Indian Sikh) was classified as a Caucasian and served in the US Army during WW1. However, this was not enough for him to qualify as a “free White person”.

A

The United States vs. Bhagat Singh Thind

150
Q

The belief that “one drop” of black blood made a person black. This was intended to keep the white population “pure”.

A

Hypodescent or the “One Drop Rule”

151
Q

The formation of a new racial identity in which new ideological boundaries of difference are drawn around a formerly unnoticed group of people. An example of this is the discrimination faced by Muslims and Sikhs after 9/11.

A

Racialization

152
Q

This is a form of culture and self-identification or classification. It differs from race as this is the voluntary, self-defined and not as closely linked to power.

A

Ethnicity

153
Q

This is the strength in ethnic ties that resides in deeply felt ties to one’s culture.

A

Primordialism

154
Q

The presence and engaged coexistence of numerous distinct groups in one society, with no one group being the majority.

A

Pluralism

155
Q

The legal or social practice of separating people based on race or ethnicity.

A

Segregation

156
Q

When antagonistic groups within a society live in integrated or the same neighborhoods, hold the same jobs, and go to the same schools.

A

Conflict Relations

157
Q

The mass killing of a group of people based on racial, ethnic, or religious traits.

A

Genocide

158
Q

These are the four ways groups can respond to oppression:

A

Withdrawal from society.

Passing (blending in with a dominant group).

Acceptance (feigns compliance and hides resentment).

Resistance (an attempt to change the societal power in the hierarchy).

159
Q

The thoughts and feelings about an ethnic or racial group, which leads to preconceived notions or judgements about the group (labeling and jumping to conclusions).

A

Prejudice

160
Q

Racial inequality perpetuated by a supposedly color-blind stance that ends up reinforcing institutional bias by “ignoring” them in favor of a technically neutral approach. Simply, ignoring race to the point where one is ignoring major aspects of a person that should not be ignored.

A

Color-Blind Racism

161
Q

Captures the historical disadvantages of minority groups and the way those disadvantages accrue over time.

A

Equity Inequality

162
Q

These are settings in which and and all activities, interactions and events are governed by rules under the same authority.

A

Social Institution

163
Q

This ideology naturalizes the idea that men and women are responsible and “naturally” inclined to separate spheres of social life.

A

Separate Sphere Ideology.

164
Q

This system in society organizes how society creates, distributes, and uses goods and services.

A

The Economic System

165
Q

The act of marrying someone within one’s social group (same race, ethnicity, religion, etc).

A

Endogamy

166
Q

The act of marrying someone outside of one’s social group (different race, ethnicity, religion, etc).

A

Exogamy

167
Q

The technical term for interracial marriage. The means “a mixing of kinds”.

A

Miscegenation

168
Q

This court case enabled interracial marriage and took place in 1967.

A

Loving v. Virginia

169
Q

The practice of being in a relationship with one person at a time.

A

Monogamy

170
Q

The practice of being in a relationship with multiple people at a time.

A

Polygamy

171
Q

The family structure consisting of only the parents and siblings.

A

A Nuclear Family

172
Q

The family structure extending beyond the nuclear family and can consists of family outside of the home.

A

Extended Family

173
Q

The act of living together in an intimate relationship without formal, legal, or religious sanctioning.

A

Cohabitation

174
Q

Strings of relationships between people related by blood and marriage.

A

Kinship Networks

175
Q

The Industrial Revolution created a division between these two concepts:

A

A division between work and home.

176
Q

The notion that true womanhood centers on domestic responsibility and child rearing.

A

Cult of Domesticity

177
Q

This is the sociological term for how women today have two different jobs. The first being at their occupation, the second being their time at home doing chores and caring for children.

A

The Second Shift

178
Q

This sociologist argued that the high rate of female-headed families in the African American community, was a result of racial oppression and poverty, NOT a cause of it.

A

W. E. B. Du Bois

179
Q

This is the process by which issues not traditionally seen as medical come to be framed as such. An example of this is alcoholism. People used to think of it religiously, as a moral weakness. Now, it is seen as a disease.

A

Medicalization

Hunter's Sociology Degree (3 decks)

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