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Network + (N10-009) > Introduction to Routing > Flashcards

Introduction to Routing Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of a router?

A

To enable communication between different networks or subnets, working at OSI Layer 3.

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2
Q

How do routers affect broadcast domains?

A

Routers separate broadcast domains.

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3
Q

What OSI layer does a switch operate at?

A

Layer 2 (Data Link Layer).

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4
Q

What OSI layer does a router operate at?

A

Layer 3 (Network Layer).

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5
Q

What’s the function of a Layer 3 switch?

A

Combines routing and switching—commonly used in SMB networks.

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6
Q

What should you assume if a device is called a ‘switch’?

A

Assume it’s Layer 2 unless routing is explicitly mentioned.

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7
Q

What happens when a device sends data to another subnet?

A

The default gateway/router handles the traffic and forwards it to the appropriate network.

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8
Q

Describe the Layer process of packet transmission between two networks.

A

Layer 2 → Router → Layer 3 → WAN → Router → Layer 2 → Destination

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9
Q

What are the key fields in a routing table?

A
  • Prefix: Network address
  • Next Hop: Next router’s IP
  • Interface: Exit port
  • Metric: Cost of route
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10
Q

What is the CIDR rule for routing decisions?

A

The longer the prefix, the more specific the route (e.g., /24 is more specific than /16).

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11
Q

What are the two main categories of routing protocols?

A
  • IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol) – used within an AS
  • EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol) – used between ASes
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12
Q

Name common IGP protocols.

A
  • RIP
  • OSPF
  • EIGRP
  • IS-IS
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13
Q

What is the only EGP used on the internet?

A

BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)

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14
Q

What type of protocol is RIP and what is its metric?

A

Distance Vector; metric = hop count (max 15)

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15
Q

What type of protocol is OSPF and what is its metric?

A

Link State; metric = cost based on bandwidth

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16
Q

What is EIGRP classified as?

A

Hybrid; uses bandwidth and delay as metrics (Cisco proprietary)

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17
Q

What is BGP’s metric type?

A

Path Vector; uses AS Path

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18
Q

What does Administrative Distance (AD) measure in routing?

A

Trustworthiness of a route—lower AD = more trusted.

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19
Q

What are the AD values for common route types?

A
  • Directly Connected: 0
  • Static: 1
  • EIGRP: 90
  • OSPF: 110
  • RIP: 120
  • Unreachable: 255
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20
Q

What is the best metric for Hop Count?

A

Lower is better (RIP)

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21
Q

What is the best metric for Bandwidth?

A

Higher is better (OSPF, EIGRP)

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22
Q

What is the best metric for Delay?

A

Lower is better (EIGRP)

23
Q

What is the best metric for Reliability?

A

Link stability (EIGRP)

24
Q

What is NAT used for?

A

Translates private IPs to public IPs for internet access.

25
What is PAT?
Port Address Translation—many-to-one IP mapping using different port numbers.
26
What’s the difference between static NAT and dynamic NAT?
* Static: Fixed one-to-one mapping * Dynamic: Temporary one-to-one from a pool
27
Define Inside Local in NAT terms.
Private IP
28
Define Inside Global in NAT terms.
Translated public IP
29
Define Outside Local in NAT terms.
Private IP of remote device
30
Define Outside Global in NAT terms.
Public IP of remote device
31
What is the purpose of FHRP?
Provides default gateway redundancy.
32
Compare HSRP, VRRP, and GLBP.
* HSRP: Active-Standby (Cisco proprietary) * VRRP: Active-Standby (Open standard) * GLBP: Active-Active with load balancing (Cisco proprietary)
33
What is a virtual IP (VIP)?
A shared gateway address used by multiple routers.
34
What are subinterfaces used for?
Logical segmentation on a single physical router interface—often for VLAN routing.
35
What subnet mask is used for internal networks in the case study?
/24
36
What subnet mask is used for router-to-router links?
/30
37
Describe the routing flow for a packet from Support PC to a Web Server.
Support → Default Gateway → Backbone Router → IT Router → Server → Response returns same path.
38
What is the multicast IP range?
224.0.0.0 – 239.255.255.255
39
What does IGMP do?
Manages multicast group memberships between hosts and routers.
40
What does PIM do?
Protocol Independent Multicast – handles router-to-router multicast.
41
Compare PIM Dense Mode and Sparse Mode.
* Dense Mode: Floods all, then prunes (outdated) * Sparse Mode: Builds tree only when needed (preferred)
42
What are multicast applications?
* IPTV * Conferencing * Stock tickers
43
What is GRE?
A Layer 3 tunneling protocol that encapsulates packets between two endpoints.
44
What is GRE commonly used for?
Site-to-site tunnels and transmitting non-IP protocols.
45
How does GRE compare to VPNs like IPSec?
* GRE: No built-in encryption, low overhead, supports non-IP * VPN: Encrypted, more secure, higher overhead
46
What’s the benefit of combining GRE with IPSec?
Provides both flexibility and encryption.
47
What does a router use to decide where to send packets?
Its routing table.
48
What’s the difference between static and dynamic routing?
* Static is manually configured * Dynamic is learned via protocols like OSPF
49
What determines which route is preferred?
Administrative Distance (trust) and metrics (efficiency).
50
Why is NAT/PAT important?
It allows private networks to access the internet using a limited number of public IPs.
51
What is the role of FHRPs like HSRP, VRRP, and GLBP?
Ensure continuous availability of a default gateway.
52
What does multicast routing help with?
Reduces network congestion by sending one stream to multiple recipients.
53
What is GRE useful for in enterprise networks?
Building secure, flexible tunnels without needing a dedicated circuit.

Network + (N10-009) (8 decks)

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