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614 - Exam 1 > Introduction to Restorative Dentistry > Flashcards

Introduction to Restorative Dentistry Flashcards

1
Q

Define metals

A

Elements that share valence electrons among all the atoms in the solid

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2
Q

Define metal alloy

A

Any intentional mixture of metallic elements
- Mixture of metal so it’s better for mouth

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3
Q

Define ceramics

A

Chemically intimate mixtures of metallic and non-metallic elements which allow covalent or ionic bonding

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4
Q

Examples of ceramics

A

Dental porcelains & refractories

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5
Q

What are the categories of dental materials?

A

Metals
Metal alloy
Ceramics
Polymers
Composites

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6
Q

Define polymers

A

Long molecules composed primarily of non-metallic elements that are bonded covalently

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7
Q

Examples of polymers

A

Acrylics, waxes, & cements

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8
Q

Define composites

A

Physical mixtures (blends) of metals, ceramics, or polymers to use the desired properties of each

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9
Q

Resins, ionomers, compomers, bonding agents, and cements are examples of

A

Composites

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10
Q

___ is the controlling factor in bond formation

A

Energy

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11
Q

When 2 atoms come together, they may link to form a molecule. This is ___ bond

A

Primary

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12
Q

Bonds form only if it results in

A

A lowering of the total energy of the atoms being joined

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13
Q

Define covalent bonds

A
  • Strongest and simplest
  • Atoms share electrons
  • Highly directional bonds
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14
Q

Define ionic bonds

A
  • 1 atom gives up an electron to another atom
  • Atom that gives up electron becomes + while the atom that accepts the electron becomes -
  • Nondirectional
  • Attract each other & reduction in total energy
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15
Q

___ bonds occurs where there is a large group of atoms, usually in a solid, that will readily give up valence electrons

A

Metallic

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16
Q

What types of bonds are non-direcitonal?

A

Ionice and metallic

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17
Q

Define bond energy

A

Amount of energy that has to be supplied to separate 2 atoms

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18
Q

Which type of bond has the highest and lowest bond energy?

A

Highest = covalent
Lowest = metallic

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19
Q

Ionic solids are beneficial and ___ the energy

A

Lowers

20
Q

Metallic solids have ___ electrostatic attraction between atoms

A

No strong

21
Q

Metallic solids are held together by

A

Cloud of electrons

22
Q

Covalent solids have ___ bonds that ___ the possible arrangement of atoms

A

Directional
Limit

23
Q

Define secondary bonds

A

When electrons are shared, they may spend a disproportionate time in 1 particular position
- one end of molecule will be + and the other -

24
Q

Define molecular solids

A
  • Molecules solid at room temp
  • If they’re long enough the dipole-dipole interactions can bond molecules together
25
Q

What are examples of secondary bonds?

A
  • Molecular solids
  • Solid arrangements
26
Q

What are examples of primary bonds?

A
  • Ionic solids
  • Metallic solids
  • Covalent solids
27
Q

___ are crystalline atoms arranged in symmetrical pattern

A

Solid arrangements

28
Q

Amorphous has ___ symmetrical arrangement of atoms

A

No

29
Q

What are the properties of materials

A
  • Physical
  • Mechanical
  • Chemical
  • Biological
  • Electrical
  • Surface Properties
  • Surface energy
  • Wettability
  • Adsorption
  • Absorption
30
Q

Describe physical properties

A

Reversible interactions of a material w/ its environment

31
Q

Describe mechanical properties

A

A response to loading stress-strain
- Strength of material in response to having a load on it

32
Q

What are the 3 atomic building blocks?

A

Ceramics, metals, and polymers

33
Q

Changes in primary and secondary bonding is what type of property?

A

Chemical

34
Q

Toxity and sensitivity reactions that occur locally or systemically within associated tissues is what type of material?

A

Biological

35
Q

Describe electrical properties of materials

A

Galvanism
The generation of electrical currents by dissimilar metals

36
Q

A low surface energy liquid will readily spread over a high surface energy substrate is what property of material?

A

Surface energy

37
Q

Define wettability

A

Measure of the affinity of a liquid for a solid as indicated by the spreading of a drop

38
Q

___ is the angle between the liquid surface and the solid surface depends on surface energies

A

Contact angle

39
Q

What is the perfect wettability contact angle?

A

0

40
Q

Define adsorption

A
  • Dissimilar substances in intimate contact w/ the surfaces of a solid stick together
  • Appears on surface
  • High energy surfaces will absorb molecules more readily
41
Q

Define absorption

A
  • Uptake of a liquid by a bulk solid
  • Substance absorbed diffuses into solid material
42
Q

___ is the ability of a material to elicit an appropriate response in a given application in the body

A

Biocompatibility

43
Q

In a ___ test, material is placed in a situation identical to its intended clinical use

A

Usage test

44
Q

Advantages & disadvantages of in vitro tests

A

Advantages
- quick
- least expensive
- can be standardized
- good control
- large scale screening

Disadvantage
- Relevance is quiestionable

45
Q

Advantages & disadvantages of in vivo tests

A

Advantages
- Allows complex systemic interactions
- Response more comprehensive than in vitro tests
- More relevant than in vitro tests

Disadvantages
- Relevance is questionable
- Expensive
- Time consuming
- Legal/ethical concerns
- Difficult to control
- Difficult to interpret & quantify

46
Q

Advantages & disadvantages of usage tests

A

Advantages
- Relevance to use of material is assured

Disadvantages
- Very expensive
- Time consuming
- Legal/ethical issues
- Difficult to control
- Difficult to interpret & quantify

614 - Exam 1 (3 decks)

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