Introduction to Respiratory System and Lung Anatomy

Question 1

What is the Upper Respiratory Tracts?

Answer 1

Is the upper part of the respiratory system that includes nose, pharynx and larynx.

Question 2

What does the Lower Respiratory Tract/Lower Airway consist of?

Answer 2

The trachea, bronchi (primary, secondary and tertiary) and bronchioles (including terminal and respiratory) to alveoli.

Question 3

Name the basic structural unit of gas exchange in the lungs

Answer 3

The pulmonary alveoli

Question 4

Where does the TRACHEA start?

Answer 4

At the lower part of the larynx and bifurcate at the level of STERNAL ANGLE (lower border of T4 vertebrae) to give rise to 2 main bronchi

Question 5

What does the TRACHEOBRONCHIAL TREE refer to?

Answer 5

The branching structure of airways consist of a conducting and respiratory portion

Question 6

Name the 6 parts of the CONDUCTING portions (tracheobronchial tree)

Answer 6

1. Trachea
2. Main bronchus
3. Lobar bronchus
4. Segmental bronchus
5. Conducting bronchiole
6. Terminal bronchiole

Question 7

What is the difference between the conducting portion and respiratory portion?

Answer 7

CONDUCTING portion = NO gas exchange occurs
RESPIRATORY portion = gas exchange

Question 8

Name the 4 parts of the RESPIRATORY portion

Answer 8

1. Respiratory brinchiole
2. Alveolar duct
3. Alveolar sac
4. Alveolus

Question 9

Name the 3 main structures of lung anatomy

Answer 9

• Lobes
• Borders
• Surfaces

Question 10

Lobes

Answer 10

• superior
• inferior
• middle (right lung only)

Question 11

Borders

Answer 11

• Anterior
• Posterior
• Inferior

Question 12

Surfaces

Answer 12

• Costal
• Mediastinal (medial)
• Diaphragmatic (inferior)

Question 13

What is the lung HILUM?

Answer 13

an area located on medial/mediastinal surface of lung.

Question 14

What is the lung ROOT?

Answer 14

The group of STRUCTURES (bronchus, artery, veins, lymphatics, nerves) that the enter or leave the lung hilum.

Question 15

STUDY MEDIASTINAL SURFACE

Question 16

How many bronchopulmonary segments are in each lung?

Answer 16

10 - Each bronchopulmonary segment is an independent unit

Question 17

Bronchial arteries:

Answer 17

thoracic aorta (2 left), posterior intercostal artery (1 right)

Question 18

Bronchial veins:

Answer 18

Azygous and accessory hemizygous system

Question 19

Lymphatic drainage:

Answer 19

Pulmonary LN, Bronchopulmonary LN, tracheobronchial LN, broncho-mediastinal LN, broncho-mediastinal lymph trunk.

Question 20

Autonomic innervation:

Answer 20

pulmonary plexus
- Parasympathetic: Vagus nerve (motor to bronchial muscle, secretomotor to mucous glands, vasodilator)
- Sympathetic :T2-T5 (inhibitory to bronchial smooth muscles-bronchodilator, motor to blood vessel smooth muscle)

Question 21

What are the lungs and interior of the thorax covered by?

Answer 21

Pleural membranes

Question 22

What is the pleural REFLECTION?

Answer 22

Place at which parietal pleura changes its direction of travel.

Question 23

What is the pleural RECESS?

Answer 23

The increased space between the layers of pleura occurring at the pleural REFLECTIONS

Question 24

What is the nerve supply of PARIETAL PLEURA?

Answer 24

• Parietal pleura: Somatic nerve (Intercostal nerves, phrenic nerves). pain sensitive.
• Visceral pleura: Autonomic nerves