Introduction to Psychology (Module 1 & 2)

Question 1

Philosophical ______ in behavior and mind dates back to the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Greece, China, and India, but psychology as a discipline didn’t develop until the mid 1800s

Answer 1

interest, discipline

Question 2

The study of the mind is as fascinating as it is complex. Psychological scientists view the mind as the activities of the brain, including _____, _____, and _____.

Answer 2

thought, emotion, behavior

Question 3

There are a variety of approaches to study the mind that you will encounter, such as the _____ mind (cognitive psychology) and the ______ mind (abnormal psychology).

Answer 3

thinking, troubled

Question 3

The word psychology is a combination of two Greek words: psyche (or psuche), or “soul,” and logos, meaning “the objective study of.” For the ancient Greeks, a soul was close to our modern view of a spirit or mind. Logos is the source of all our “ologies,” such as biology and anthropology. literally translated, therefore, psychology means “___________.”

Answer 3

the objective study of the mind

Question 4

MIND - The activities of the brain; including ______, _______, and ______.

Answer 4

thought, emotion, behavior

Question 5

PSYCHOLOGY - The scientific study of ________, ______ ________, and ____ ______.

Answer 5

behavior, mental processes, brain functions

Question 6

Psychology is a relatively young discipline, dating back only to the 1870s. However, topics that interest modern psychologists go back farther in the history of human thought. People living as long ago as ______to ______BCE in _______ described their dreams (Restak, 1988). Among these accounts are descriptions of being chased, which are still among the most common dreams that people experience (Nielsen et al., 2003).

Answer 6

6000, 5000, Assyria

Question 7

The Psychology Family Tree includes two major roots: _______ and the ________. Psychologists answer questions ____________________.

Answer 7

Philosophy, Natural Sciences, traditionally posed by philosophers by borrowing the methods of the natural sciences.

Question 8

INTROSPECTION - A personal observation of your own ____, ____, and ______.

Answer 8

thoughts, feelings, behavior

Question 9

PHILOSOPHY - The discipline that _________________________________.

Answer 9

systematically examines basic concepts, including the source of knowledge that is guided by logic and reason.

Question 10

NATURAL SCIENCES - Sciences that study the _______ and ________ events that occur in nature.
A branch of science which deals with the physical world, e.g. physics, chemistry, geology, biology. This is the branch of knowledge which
deals with the study of the _____ _________.

Answer 10

physical, biological, physical world

Question 11

Philosophers and Psychologists share an interest in questions regarding ________, __________, __________, and ________. Both disciplines consider the relative balance of _______ factors (nature) and __________ factors (nurture) in the resulting human behavior.

Answer 11

the nature of the self, the effects of early experience, the existence of free will, the origin of knowledge, biological, environmental

Question 12

One of the most significant questions shared by philosophy and psychology asks ____________________.

Answer 12

whether the mind is inborn or is formed through experience.

Question 13

(a) Philosophers beginning with Aristotle (____ – ______ bce) believed that all knowledge is gained through ________.

Answer 13

384, 322, sensory experience

Question 14

(b) Beginning in the ___ century, this idea flourished in the ______________. Empiricists, like John Locke, viewed the mind as a “________” (_______) at birth, which then was filled with ideas gained by ___________.

Answer 14

17th, British philosophical school of empiricism, blank slate, tabula rasa, observing the world

Question 15

(c) Contemporary Psychologists believe that _________________________.

Answer 15

experience interacts with inborn characteristics to shape the mind

Question 16

During the ______, Romanian orphans adopted at young ages recovered from the effects of their seriously deprived social circumstances, but those who endured years of deprivation had more severe ___________.

Answer 16

1970s, cognitive deficits

Question 17

EMPIRICISM - The theory that all knowledge is ___________. Stimulated by the rise of _______, it developed in the 17th and 18th centuries, expounded in particular by _______________.

Answer 17

derived from sense-experience, experimental
science, John Locke, George Berkeley, David Hume

Question 18

______________ (____–_____) asked his participants to push a button when they felt a touch. When a thigh was touched, participants reacted faster than when a toe was touched. Because the toe is farther from the brain than the thigh, signals from the toe require more time to reach the brain.

Answer 18

Hermann von Helmholtz, 1821 - 1894

Question 19

For example, __________ (_____–_____) was able to identify the softest sound that a person could hear by randomly presenting sounds of different intensities to which a participant would respond “yes” or “no.” When the “yes” responses reached 50%, Fechner concluded that the sound was within the range that the human ear could detect.

Answer 19

Gustav Fechner, 1801 - 1889

Question 20

The work of Hermann von Helmholtz (1821– 1894) on _____ ________ helped establish the mind as something that could be ____ _______.

Answer 20

reaction time, studied scientifically

Question 21

Microscopes Changed the World of Science. This light microscope was used by _________________ to discover
red blood cells in _____, ________.
Microscopes opened a new world to scientists who are interested in ____ _____.

Answer 21

Anton van Leeuwenhoek, 1676, father of Microbiology, living things

Question 22

Overt Behavior
The behavior ___________________ human beings is called overt behavior.

Answer 22

that is visible and what occurs outside of

Question 23

Covert Behavior
The behavior ______________human beings is called covert behavior.

Answer 23

that is not visible and what occurs inside of

Question 24

Molecular Behavior The sudden behavior ______________ is called molecular behavior.

Answer 24

what occurs without thinking something

Question 25

Molar Behavior Molar behavior is the opposite of molecular behavior. When _________________ is called moler behavior.

Answer 25

human behavior occurs with a thinking process

Question 26

Voluntary Behavior The behavior _______________ is called voluntary behavior. Human beings always have control on voluntary behavior.

Answer 26

that depends on human want

Question 27

Involuntary Behavior Behavior that _______ ________ is called involuntary behavior. Example: Movement of heart, taking oxygen and giving up carbon

Answer 27

occurs naturally

Question 28

From approximately ____to _____BC, Greek philosophers explored a wide range of topics relating to what we now consider psychology.

Answer 28

600, 300

Question 29

Socrates and his followers, Plato and Aristotle, wrote about such topics as _____, _____, _____, ______, and _______.

Answer 29

pleasure, pain, knowledge, motivation, rationality

Question 30

René Descartes, a ______ mathematician and philosopher from the 1600s, theorized that __________, a concept that came to be known as _______.

Answer 30

French, 1600s, the body and mind are separate entities, dualism

Question 31

Descartes believed that the two ___________ called the ____ _____.

Answer 31

interacted only through a tiny structure at the base of the brain, pineal gland

Question 32

____________ and ________ were English philosophers from the 17th century who _______________. They argued that all human experiences are physical processes occurring within the brain and nervous system. Thus, their argument was that ________________.

Answer 32

Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, disagreed with the concept of dualism, sensations, images, thoughts, and feelings are all valid subjects of study

Question 33

The first use of the term “psychology” is often attributed to the ________________, who published the ________________, ____, ________ in ____.

Answer 33

German scholastic philosopher Rudolf Göckel, Psychologia hoc est de hominis perfectione, anima, ortu, 1590

Question 34

However, the term seems to have been used ____________________ by the Croatian humanist ___________ in the title of his Latin treatise, ______________.

Answer 34

more than six decades earlier, Marko Marulić, Psichiologia de ratione animae humanae

Question 35

The term did not come into popular usage until the ______________ used it in his __________ __________ (____-____).

Answer 35

German idealist philosopher Christian Wolff, Psychologia empirica and Psychologia rationalis, 1732 -1734

Question 36

In England, the term “psychology” overtook “______ _______” in the middle of the 19th century. While Aristotle discussed this in his book “ __ ________”.

Answer 36

mental philosophy, De Anima

Question 37

Wundt was the first person to _____________ and wrote the first textbook on psychology, entitled ”___________________”.

Answer 37

refer to himself as a psychologist, Principles of Physiological Psychology

Question 38

This theory attempted to understand the mind as the sum of different underlying parts, and focused on three things: (1) ___________; (2) __________; and (3) ______________

Answer 38

the individual elements of consciousness, how these elements are organized into more complex experiences, how these mental phenomena correlate with physical events

Question 39

Structuralism was criticized because its subject of interest—_______________—was not easily studied with controlled experimentation. Its ______________, despite Titchener’s rigid guidelines, was criticized for its lack of reliability. Critics argued that ______________, and that introspection could yield different results depending on the subject.

Answer 39

the conscious experience, reliance on introspection, self-analysis is not feasible

Question 40

Gestalt, although lacking a clear translation into English, basically means “____” or “_____.” The gestalt psychologists believed that breaking a “whole” perception into its building blocks, as advocated by the structuralists, would result in the _____________.

Answer 40

form, whole, loss of some important psychological information

Question 41

As structuralism struggled to survive the ________________, new approaches to studying the mind were sought. One important alternative was functionalism, founded by __________________. Built on structuralism’s concern with the anatomy of the mind, functionalism led to greater concern with the functions of the mind, and later, to behaviorism.

Answer 41

scrutiny of the scientific method, William James in the late 19th century

Question 42

While the structuralists and the gestalt psychologists continued their debate, a new type of psychology emerged, partly in response to the publication of Charles Darwin’s _______________ and _________________. Functionalism viewed behavior as _____________________.

Answer 42

The Origin of Species in 1859, The Descent of Man in 1871, purposeful because it led to survival

Question 43

Functionalism's chief proponent was William James (1842–1910), whose textbook, _____________, dominated the field of psychology for _________.

Answer 43

Principles of Psychology (1890), 50 years

Question 44

“as a systematic point of view, functionalism was an overwhelming success, but largely because of this success it is no longer a distinct school of psychology. It was absorbed into mainstream psychology. _______________________________________”

Answer 44

No happier fate could await any psychological point of view

Question 45

According to this view, psychological disorders resulted from the actions of _____ _______ or other _____, ______ ______. Between the 19th, the 17th and the centuries, supernatural explanations for psychological disorders began to give way to two scientific approaches: a _____ model and a ________ model.

Answer 45

evil spirits, external, magical forces, medical, psychological

Question 45

The medical model of psychological disorder ______________________. The psychological model _______________________________________.

Answer 45

emphasized physical causes of abnormal behavior and medical treatments, such as medication, suggested that abnormal behavior can result from life experiences, leading to fear, anxiety, and other counterproductive emotional responses.