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Psychology And Psychiatry > Introduction To Psychiatry > Flashcards

Introduction To Psychiatry Flashcards

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1
Q

Define psychiatry

A

Psychiatry is a branch of medicine that deals with the study, treatment and prevention of disorders of the mind.

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2
Q

The matter of the brain is the organic part but the mind is responsible for thinking and processing stuff or the mind is the functional aspect of the Brain. True or false

A

True

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3
Q

Psychiatry is the only branch of medicine where you can admit someone against their will using certificate of urgency for 72hours . Beyond this time the Dr writes a report to get permission to treat the person for a longer period true or false

A

True

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4
Q

Define mental health

A

Mental Health is a state of well-being in which an individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and is able to make a contribution to his or her community.
(world health organization)

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5
Q

Psychiatrists also check if criminals committed the crimes they did when they were sane or not. If not sane when the action took place they are sentenced to get treatment in a psychiatric hospital and till the Attorney General says they should be released they’ll stay in the hospital. True or false

A

True

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6
Q

Name the types of mental health and the factors normality depends on

A

Normal mental health
Abnormal mental health

Normality depends on :
The culture
The society
The social circumstances surrounding what happened

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7
Q

Scope or disorders of psychiatry

A

Psychosis-A disconnection from reality
•Could be functional(there’s no organic damage causing the psychosis)or organic(there’s an organ damage and that’s what is causing the psychosis ) example-thyroid disease can present with psychosis
•Mainly you’ll see Schizophrenia

Neurosis
•A functional disorder involving chronic distress that interferes with quality of life without disrupting an individual’s perception of reality or person can’t deal with stress .
•this causes you to have Depressive and Anxiety disorders

Personality Disorders
•Enduring, persistent and pervasive disorders of inner experience and behaviour that cause distress or significant impairment in social functioning. Example-anti social personality disorder
Usually starts from childhood

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8
Q

Branches of psychiatry

A

Neuropsychiatry-brain related issues
•Child and adolescent psychiatry- autism and other child related stuff
•Forensic psychiatry-spends most of time in court with criminal cases to find out if person committed crime when they were ill or not
•Geriatric psychiatry- old age psychiatry
•Social and community psychiatry

These two are not developed in Ghana:
•Trans-Cultural (ethno) psychiatry
•Infant psychiatry

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9
Q

In the early beginnings of history,what was the review on psychiatry

A

In Egypt and Near East, mental illness thought to be due to magic, witchcraft and deities
•In early Christian era, demons were causes
•Therapists were priests and magicians

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10
Q

Name three people who contributed to Greek psychiatry in history

A

Hippocrates (460-370 BC): began some rudimentary classification of the human body into 4 fluids or humors: phlegm, yellow bile, black bile and blood, produced by different organs
- sought to explain many conditions with these fluids

HISTORY CONT.
•Divided and classified diseases into
•Epilepsy, mania, paranoia, organic toxic delirium, postpartum psychosis, phobias and hysterias

b. Plato (427-347 BC): divided soul into three parts and mental illness resulted when the soul when the soul was disturbed
c. Aristotle (384-322 BC) – mental illness resulted from temperature changes affecting the body fluids
- first described the various affects

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11
Q

History of Roman psychiatry

A

Roman psychiatry
•Galen (AD 130-200), built on Greek medical and psychological thinking;
•Described four forms of the four humors: cold, hot, dry, moist as the forms of human temperaments
•Said psychological disorders cause physical disorders and vice versa

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12
Q

History of middle age psychiatry

A

Middle ages:
•The Christian world was going through dark ages from AD 400-1500 when they thought of mental illness as evil astrological influences and witchcraft and rejected the insane
•Publication of the book ‘Malleus maleficarum’ (witches hammer) in 1486 sponsored by the Pope condemned mentally ill as witches to be hunted
•The Muslim world was kind to the insane and built hospitals with psychiatric wings
•Renaissance: Paracelsus (c.1493-1541) – German/Swiss, most famous physician of his time, introduced drugs for specific mental illness

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13
Q

History of 17th and 18th century psychiatry

A

17th Century:

   - Thomas Willis (1621-1675) distinguished between organic and functional disorders
   - Thomas Sydenham (1624-1689) gave comprehensive description of hysteria

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HISTORY CONT.

  • 18th Century:
  • Sauvages and Nosology: French physician Boissier de Sauvages (1706-1767) wrote ‘Nosologia methodica’ and classified diseases into 10 groups with group 8 dealing with psychiatric illnesses. Not valid today but was a good beginning of nosology.
  • Cullen and Neurosis: English physician Cullen (1710-1790) coined the term ‘neurosis’
  • Gall and Phrenology: German physician Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828) said the brain has different parts which controlled different parts of the body. Mapping out of this to match the body constitutes the science of phrenology
  • Humane treatment of the insane: English Quaker and layman William Tuke (1732-1822), French physician Phillipe Pinel and others led a revolution to treat mentally ill with humaneness
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14
Q

History of psychiatry in the 19th and 20th century

A

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HISTORY CONT.
•19th century
•psychiatry became a specialty apart from medicine
•1841 in England an Association of Medical Officers of Hospitals for the Insane was formed, precursor of Royal College of Psychiatrists
•1844 in US, Association of Medical Superintendents of Institutions for the Insane formed, precursor of American Psychiatric Association
•1899, German-born Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926) classified functional psychosis
•1911, Swiss-born Eugen Bleuler (1857-1939) described dementia precox (came to be called later, schizophrenia.
•Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) first gave a scientific study of the mind with his psychoanalysis

HISTORY CONT.
•20th century:
•Adolf Meyer (1866-1950) put psychiatry firmly on biological basis with his psychobiology

1951 the first psychiatrist in West Africa, Gambian-born Prof. Forster, posted to Ghana
•1952 chlorpromazine discovered by two French psychiatrists

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15
Q

Define disease,illness ,sickness ,mental illness

A

AETIOLOGY OF MENTAL ILLNESS
•Disease encompasses either a specific tissue lesion or a characteristic constellation of symptoms. It describes the underlying pathology which is biologically defined. Example-someone has breast cancer so the disease is there but isn’t showing symptoms so the person has been diagnosed with the disease but isn’t sick or the person has cancer and has been diagnosed and is showing symptoms
•Sickness encompasses the suffering and functional deficit consequent on symptoms.
Or you begin to show symptoms or you begin to complain about symptoms. Example- person has chronic fatigue but when you do labs everything is normal or there’s no underlying pathology but the person has symptoms so the person is sick

-Illness is one’s reaction to the symptoms that occur from the disease.It is the person’s subjective experience of symptoms and what they present to the doctor.

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•Mental illness is a condition of persistent distress experienced by an individual with his/her relation with the environment as judged by his inability to cope with important areas of life cope with important areas of life such as love, family, work or interests.
•
Mental illness is recognized by looking for a pattern of behavior with a cluster of symptoms.

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16
Q

Lab investigations aren’t usually used in psychiatry but the symptoms the patients come with are what you use for diagnosis
True or false

A

True

17
Q

Some organic dysfunctions mimic mental health diseases true or false

A

True

18
Q

Name the groups of aetiological factors

A

Three groups of aetiological factors
•Predisposing factors
•Precipitating factors
•Perpetuating factors

19
Q

Explain predisposing factors

A

Factors determining vulnerability
•Genetic
•In utero factors-issues stemming from the womb or the way the birth took place
•Physical-
•Psychological social factors in infancy-coming from a broken home,people in foster care
•Constitution-

These factors make you vulnerable or susceptible to the disorder
Gene has been found for addiction so soon it’ll be proven it’s a disease and it’s genetic not just a behavior

20
Q

Explain precipitating factors

A

Events occurring shortly before the disorder and appear to have induced it or pushed you into it
•Physical-example stress
•Psychological-if a loved one dies
•Social-

21
Q

Explain perpetuating factors

A

Ensure that the condition remains even when the predisposing and precipitating factors are no longer in play
•Social stressors-financial stress ,relationship stress
•Psychological factors

22
Q

Explain the biopsychosocial model

A

According to this model, no one factor is sufficient to determine the course of an individual’s health-related outcomes. It is an interplay between individual’s genetic makeup (Biology), mental health and behaviour (Psychology), and socio-cultural context.

Bio-giving medicine
Psycho-counselling
Socio-social factors or circumstances should be conducive

23
Q

Name ten biological Problems that can cause psychiatric disorders

A

Biological
•In utero: smoking, alcohol, drugs in pregnancy, maternal illness, eg. Rubella, etc
•Perinatal: birth injuries/trauma, asphyxia, kernicterus,
•Infections and infestations: meningitis, malaria, typhoid,

THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL
•Biological Cont.
•Trauma
•Degenerative
•Metabolic
•Poisoning
•Drugs
24
Q

Name some psychological and social psychiatric disorders people can present w

A 
Psychological
•Stresses
•Psychoanalytic theories:
•Unconscious motivation
•Repressed thoughts and wishes

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THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL
•Social
Economic
Environmental

25
Q

Name some classification of mental disorders

A

Categorical classification (dividing into discrete categories)-
•Dimensional classification (in which patients are given scores rather than categories) eg -scores are used to score in dementia to check how badly the memory is going
•Multiaxial (with two or more schemes of classification used together)
•Classification in developing countries (using rudimentary classification)
•ICD-international classification of disease(mainly used in Ghana)more British
•DSM-diagnostic and statistical manual(mainly used and is from America
•Clinical: minor (neurosis), major (psychosis)

Psychology And Psychiatry (7 decks)

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