Introduction to Plumbing 2.0 Flashcards
What are the subsystems of Sanitary Drainage System?
• Waste Collection System
• Ventilation System
What are the essential parts of the Sanitary Drainage System?
• Waste Pipe
• Vent Pipe
• Trap
• Stack
• Branch
• House/Building Drain
• House/Building Sewer
It is an essential part of Sanitary Drainage System which conveys only wastewater or liquid waste free of fecal matter.
Waste Pipe
It is an essential part of Sanitary Drainage System which is used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing system and
for relieving the negative pressure exerted on trap seals.
Vent Pipe
It is an essential part of Sanitary Drainage System which is a a fitting or device designed and constructed to provide, when
properly vented, a liquid seal which prevents the backflow of
foul air or methane gas without materially affecting the flow of
sewage or wastewater through it.
Trap
It is an essential part of Sanitary Drainage System which is the vertical main of a system of soil, waste or vent pipings
extending through one or more stories and extended thru the
roof
Stack
It is an essential part of Sanitary Drainage System which is any part of the piping system other than a main, riser or stack.
Branch
It is an essential part of Sanitary Drainage System which is part of the lowest horizontal piping of a plumbing system which
receives the discharges from the soil, waste and other
drainage pipes inside of a building and conveys it to the house
sewer outside of the building.
House/Building Drain
It is an essential part of Sanitary Drainage System which extends from the house drain at a point 0.60 meters from the
outside face of the foundation wall of a building to the junction
with the street sewer or to any point of discharge, and
conveying the drainage of one building site.
House/Building Sewer
What are the Principles of Waste and Soil (Excreta) Pipes Roughing-in?
- Horizontal to Horizontal change in direction
- Vertical to Horizontal change in direction
- Horizontal to vertical change in direction
The fixture unit rating of plumbing fixtures is based on?
Size of required trap
How much does a lavatory discharges?
0.47 liters/sec or 28.3 liters/min (7.5
gallons per min or 1 cu ft per min)
What is the minimum slope or pitch of horizontal drainage pipe?
2% or 20mm/m (¼” per foot)
What are the exceptions for minimum slope of Sanitary Drainage Lines?
- impracticable due to depth of street sewer
- adverse structural features and irregular building plans
- pipes 102 mm diameter or larger may have a slope of not less than 1% or 10mm/m (1/8” per foot), approved by the Administrative Authority
What are the different types of permissible traps?
- Common P-trap
- Deep Seal P-trap
- Stand Trap
- Running Trap
- Drum Trap
It is a type of permissible trap that is used for lavatories, kitchen sinks,
laundry tubs, & urinals
Common P-trap
It is a type of permissible trap that is used for extreme conditions because resealing quality is greater. It is is about twice the size of
The common P-trap
Deep Seal P-trap
It is a type of permissible trap that is used for fixtures such as slop sinks that are usually built low in the ground, leaving very little space for a foundation & a trap. It serves as a water seal & structural support for the fixture
Stand Trap
It is a type of permissible trap that is used within the line of
the house drain
Running Trap
It is a type of permissible trap that is used for fixtures that discharge large amount of water (bathtubs, shower or floor drains) and has a large diameter (around 0.16 m)
Drum Trap
What are he different types of prohibited traps?
- Traps with movable parts or concealed interior partitions
- No fixtures shall be double-trapped
- The S-Trap
This type of trap is a predecessor of P-traps and is used before traps
had to connect to aventilation line
S-Trap
It is a device designed and installed to separate and retain deleterious, hazardous or undesirable matters from normal wastes and permits normal sewage or liquid wastes to discharge into the disposal terminal by gravity
Interceptors
It is a portion of the drainage pipe installation intended to maintain a balanced atmospheric pressure inside the system
Ventilation
It is a pipe or opening used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing system and for relieving the negative pressure exerted on trap seals
Vent Pipe
What are the different types of vents?
MAIN TYPES:
- Main Soil and Waste Vent
- Main Vent
- Individual Vent or Back Vent
OTHER TYPES:
- Unit, Common, or Dual Vent
- Relief Vent
- Yoke or Bypass Vent
- Circuit Vent
- Looped Vent
- Wet Vent
- Local Vent
- Dry Vent
- Stack Vent
- Vent Stack
It is the ‘backbone’ of the entire sanitary system connected to the Main Soil & Waste Stack
Main Soil and Waste Vent
It is the principal artery of the venting system to which vent branches are connected a.k.a. ‘Collecting Vent Line’. serves as support to the Main Soil &
Waste Vent
Main Vent
It is a pipe installed to vent a fixture trap, that connects with the vent system above the fixture served or terminates in the open air.
Individual Vent or Back Vent
It is an arrangement of venting so
installed that one vent pipe
serve two (2) traps.
Unit, Common, Dual Vent
It is a vertical vent line that provides
additional circulation of air between
the drainage and vent systems or to
act as an auxiliary vent on a specially designed system such as a “yoke vent” connection between the
soil and vent stacks.
Relief Vent
It is a pipe connecting upward from a soil or waste stack below the floor and below horizontal connection to an adjacent vent stack at a point above the floor and higher than the highest spill level of fixtures for preventing pressure changes in the stacks.
Yoke or By-pass Vent
It is a group vent pipe which starts in front of the extreme (highest) fixture connection on a horizontal branch and connects to the vent stack a.k.a. ‘Loop Vent’. Serves a battery of fixtures
Circuit Vent
It is a vertical vent connection on a
horizontal soil or waste pipe
branch at a point downstream
of the last fixture connection
and turning to a horizontal line
above the highest overflow
level of the highest fixture
connected there. Used in spaces without partitions
Looped Vent
That portion of a vent pipe through which wastewater also
flows through.
Wet Vent
It is a pipe or shaft to convey foul air from a plumbing fixture or a room to the outer air.
Local Vent
It is a vent that does not carry liquid or water-borne wastes.
Dry Vent
It is the extension of a soil or waste stack above the highest horizontal drain connected to the stack.
Stack Vent
It is the vertical vent pipe installed
primarily for providing circulation of
air to and from any part of the soil, waste of the drainage system. The uppermost end above the roof has traditionally been referred to as Vent Stack Through Roof (VSTR).
Vent Stack
What are the different Sanitary System Problems?
Trap Seal Loss
- Siphonage
- Back Pressure
- Capillary Attraction
- Evaporation
Retardation of Flow
Deterioration of the Materials
It is the direct effect of the Minus & Plus Pressure inside the system
due to inadequate ventilation of traps
Trap Seal Loss
It is the direct and momentum
Siphonage
It is caused by extreme temperatures, idleness
Evaporation
It is due to the effect of atmospheric pressure and/or gravity
Retardation of flow
It is due to the formation of acids
Deterioration of the Materials
It is a pipe that does not connect directly with the drainage system but conveys liquid wastes by discharging into a plumbing fixture, interceptor or receptacle directly connected to the drainage system.
Indirect Waste Pipe
What are the different types of House Drain Appliances?
Grease Trap
- Earth Cooled Grease Trap
- Mechanical Grease Trap
House Trap
Drain Tiles
Garage Traps
Backflow Valves
Sewage Ejectors
It is used for establishments like restaurants, cafes, lunch counters,
cafeterias, bars and clubs, hotel, hospital, sanitarium, factory or school kitchens. A grease trap is not required for individual dwelling units.
Used for fixtures where grease may be introduced into the drainage or sewer system in quantities that can effect line stoppage or hinder sewage treatment or private sewage disposal.
GREASE TRAPS
It is placed in the house drain immediately inside the foundation wall of the building
HOUSE TRAPS
It is used to prevent groundwater from seeping through the basement walls & foundation. Hollow tiles are placed around the perimeter of the foundation
where water is collected; drain tiles are connected to the house
drain or sump pit
DRAIN TILES
a.k.a. garage catch basin
Operating Principles: trap is filled with water & located at the
lowest point of the garage so it can collect all wastes.
Garage Traps
It is used in house drain to prevent the unlikely occurrence of
back flows. Similar to check valves
Back Flow Valves
Pumps the wastes up form the sump pit to the sewers (which
are usually higher than basement levels)
Sewage Ejectors
It is the final stage of the plumbing process; where used water and water-carried wastes are brought to
various disposal outlets
DISPOSAL PHASE
A watertight covered receptacle designed and constructed
to receive the discharge of sewage from a building sewer,
separate solids from the liquid, digest organic matter and
store digested solids through a period of detention, and
allow the clarified liquids to discharge for final disposal
Septic Tanks
It is a solid organic matter that are denser than water
and settle at the bottom of the septic tank
Sludge
It is a lighter organic material that rise to the surface of
the water
Scum
It is a liquid content of sewage
Effluent
What are the different bacteria in septic tank that encourages decomposition?
Aerobic Bacteria
Anaerobic Bacteria
It is a type of bacteria that relies on oxygen to survive
Aerobic bacteria
It is a type of bacteria that can survive in places without
oxygen
Anaerobic bacteria
What is the minimum dimensions of a septic tank?
L= 1500mm
W=900mm
D=1200mm
What are the degrees or grades of waste water?
Grey Water (Area Water)
Black Water
Storm Water
It is a Waste water with the exception of human wastes. From laundries, wash basins, sinks, tubs, etc.
Gray Water (Area Water)
Water plus solid and liquid human wastes
Black Water
Rainwater only
Storm Water
What are the different classification of sewers?
Combination Public Sewers
Storm Sewers
Sanitary Sewers
- Tributary Sewer
- Intercepting Sewer
It is the oldest variety which carries both storm & sanitary wastes
Combination Public Sewers
It carries regular sanitary wastes only. Terminates in a modern sewage disposal plant for
treatment. Built at a depth of 3 meters (tributaries)
Sanitary Sewers
Termination points of individual units or structures
Usually round shaped, with diameters between 0.60 to 1.2 meters
Made of vitrified clay or cement pipes; often installed by the curb line, before the street
Normally laid in the Northern or Eastern side of streets with east-west or north-south orientations
Tributary Sewers
a.k.a. ‘collecting sewers’
Termination points of tributary sewers
Placed much lower in the ground, from 4 to 30 meters in depth
Varies in shape but have a diameter or effective opening ranging from 0.60 to 3 meters
Sloped at an angle of 1:50 or 2%
Lifting stations are placed at certain intervals and pumps or sewage ejectors are used to lift the
waste; sewers terminate at the disposal plant
Intercepting Sewers
Private sewage disposal system common in rural areas for
structures with large adjacent open fields
DISPOSAL FIELDS
It is a loosely lined excavation in the ground, which receives the
discharge of a septic tank; designed to permit effluent to
seep through pit bottom and sides
SEEPAGE PITS
It is a non-watertight lined
excavation in the ground
which receives the discharge
of a sanitary drainage system,
designed to retain the organic
matter but permitting the liquid
to seep through the pit bottom
and sides
CESSPOOLS
It is the oldest form of disposal of
organic waste. Consists of a vault
constructed of concrete for the collection of raw sewage and a wooden shelter
PRIVIES
What are some features of the Sewage Treatment Plan (STP)?
- An aeration system within the tank;
- A submersible mixer to mix the waste;
- A sludge waste pump that aids in clarifying;
- A decanter;
- Blowers;
- A fully electronic control system, etc.
What are the two most common types of Municipal Sewage Treatment?
- The Activated Sludge Process
- The Trickling Filter Process
Involves a series of stations where the raw sewage must
pass through
First Phase- gets rid of heavy materials with the use of three
different filter houses
Second Phase- clarifies the effluent
Third Phase- hardens the sludge and converts it to fertilizers
Produces water with 99-99.5% purity
The Activated Sludge Process
a.k.a ‘Percolating or Sprinkling Filter System’
Requires less mechanical elements and less stages
Produces water with 95% purity
Requires a large ground area for its building
The Trickling Filter Process
What are the three major Systems of Collecting Storm Water?
- Independent Systems
- Combined System
- Natural System
It is also known as ‘the Separate System’ . Brings collected water directly to the water reservoirs
The Independent System
It combines storm water
with sanitary wastes
The Combined System
Without using any roof gutters or downspouts
Also when rainwater is collected in cisterns
The Natural System
What are the different roofing elements used to collect rainwater/
- Gutter
- Downspout
- Strainer or Roof Drain
- Shoe
- Catch Basin
- Storm Line
- Storm Sewers
It is usually located along the
entire perimeter of the roof
Gutter
It is located every 8 to 10 meters
& at every corner of the roof
(but, to avoid clogging of pipes,
it is best to locate them every
4 to 6 m)
Downspout
Drain designed to receive water collecting on the surface of a roof and to discharge it into a downspout. Designed to prevent clogging.
Strainer or Roof Drain
At the bottom of the roof leader to direct rainwater towards the nearest catch basin
Shoe
Downspouts should terminate in a catch basin (can serve more than one downspout)
Delivers water to the sewers in the street via gravity
Area-Drain-Catch-Basin: also collects surface water
Catch Basin
It connects to each catch basin
Storm Line
Carries only rainwater collected from the storm drain or from the streets
Terminates at natural drainage
areas (i.e. lakes, rivers, and
water reservoirs)
Require manholes to serve as
clean-outs and to make sewers
accessible for inspection and
repair built at depths of about 2 to
3 meters; diameter ranging from
0.6 to 1.2 meters
Storm Sewers
What are the different types of pipes?
- Cast Iron Soil Pipe
- SV Type
- XV Type
( Varieties):
- Standard Pipe
- Single Hub Pipe
- Double Hub Pipe
- Hubless Pipe
- Acid Resistant Cast Iron Pipe
- Asbestos Pipe
- Bituminous Fiber Sewer Pipe
- Vitrified Clay Pipe
- Lead Pipe
- Galvanized Steel Pipe
- Galvanized Wrought Iron Pipe
- Copper Pipe
- K Type
- L Type
- M Type
- Brass Pipe
- Plastic or Synthetic Pipe
- Rigid Type
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride
(CPVC)
Unplasticized Polyvinyl
Chloride (UPVC)
Acrylonitrile Butadiene
Styrene (ABS)
Polypropylene (PP)
Styrene Rubber Plastic (SR)- Flexible type (tubing)
Polyethylene (PE)
Polybutylene (PB)
- Flexible type (tubing)
- Rigid Type
Most popular and generally specified material for drainage
installation. Extensively used in the 60s and 70s.
Durable, conveniently installed (<25 storey)
Commercial length: 600 cm
Diameters: 50-150mm
Affected to some extent by corrosion by acid formed by Carbon
Dioxide, Sulphur Oxide, and Methane Gases that create rust
Cast Iron Soil Pipe
It is generally used; for building installations
SV type
It is used for extra duty; for underground installations
XV type
Made of an alloy of cast iron and silicon
Installed in chemical laboratories, industries and other installations where acid wastes are being discharged
Brittle and cracks easily, thus
horizontal runs have to be
Supported at every 1.50 meter
interval to prevent sagging
Acid Resistant Cast Iron Pipe
Made of an asbestos fibers and portland cement
Used as soil, waste, ventilation pipe & downspouts
Suited for concrete embedment because of similar properties
Asbestos Pipe
Cheapest of all types of pipes
Light in weight, slightly flexible and can take slight soil movement
without danger of cracking or pulling out of its joints. It is thus
suited for house sewer and septic tank installations
May be softened/damaged by excessive hot water or
chemical flow
Bituminous Fiber Sewer Pipe
One of the oldest materials used for sewer lines
Highly resistant to most acids
Because it is made of clay, it is brittle and cracks easily
when laid on unstable ground
Made in short lengths of 750mm
Vitrified Clay Pipe
The oldest pipe used for plumbing systems
Highly resistant to acid
Poisonous and injurious, is therefore not recommended to
convey water for human consumption
Lead Pipe
Made out of mild steel and expected to last 15 to 25 years
Subject to deposits of salt and lime which can cause FHL
Comes in several commercial sizes: 10 (3/8”), 13 (1/2”), 20 (3/4”)
25 (1’), 32 (1¼”), 38 (1½”), 50 (2”), 75 (3”), and 100 (4”)
Galvanized Steel Pipe
Better then steel pipe for plumbing installation
More resistant to acid waste
Galvanized Wrought Iron Pipe
Durable and extremely corrosive resistant
Easy to install
Smooth interior surface
Copper Pipe
heaviest; recommended for underground installations
K type
lighter; available in both rigid and flexible form; recommended for residential water supply line and radiant heating installations
L type
thinnest; available only in rigid form; for small water supply lines and radiant heating installations
M type
Most expensive
Made of an alloy or zinc (15%) and copper (85%)
Resistant to acids and has a smooth interior surface
Brass Pipe
Developed in Germany in 1935
Most are produced from synthetic resins
Superior type of pipe because it weighs less, is easy to cut, is
flexible, has a smooth interior surface, and is cheaper than steel
Plastic or Synthetic Pipe
What are the considerations in choosing materials?
- Quality and durability.
- Resistance to external and internal
contact with foreign matters. - Resistance to acid waste and
other chemical elements that
will pass into it. - Cost of materials and labor.
What are the different types of fittings?
- Coupling/ Socket
- Extension Piece/ Nipple
- Reducer
- Reducing Elbow
- Male Adaptor
- Female Adaptor
- 45 degrees Street Elbow
- 90 degree Street Elbow
- Union
- Tee
Reducing Tee - Cap
- Cross
- Plug
- Double Hub
OTHER WATER SERVICE FITTINGS & DEVICES:
- Corporation Stop
- Curb Stop
- Curb Stop Box
- Meter Stop
- Water Meter
What are the general methods for joints and fittings?
- Caulking (lead and oakum)
- Threading
- Welding / Soldering
- Rubber Ring method (rubber gaskets)
- Hubless connections (steel plates and clamps and neoprene rubber)
- Adhesives
- Flanged connections
(screws and bolts)
What are the two types of inspection and test?
- Water Testing
- Air Pressure Testing
Testing of water supply piping is conducted by closing all outlets & filling the system with water from the main to locate leaks and other potential problems
Water Testing
Used in detecting leaks by filling the piping system with compressed air (use of soap suds in locating escaping air)
Air Pressure Testing
‘Liquefied Petroleum Gas’ saturated hydrocarbons found in
petroleum (i.e. butane, propane, isobutane, etc.)
Also known as ‘Bottled Gas’
For Home, Commercial and Industrial Use
LP Gas
What are the typical LP Gas service installation?
- CYLINDER
- PIGTAIL
- REGULATOR
This is where gas is stored
CYLINDER
This is where high pressure
vapor flows through when
cylinder valve is opened
PIGTAIL
This reduces the high pressure
of gas to the proper operating gas pressure of the appliance
REGULATOR
What are the different types of joints?
- Caulked Joints
- Threaded Joints
- Cement Mortar
Joints - Solder & Sweat Joints
- Wiped Joints
- Asbestos
Cement Sewer
Pipe Joints - Flared Joints
- Burned Lead
Joints - Copper Water
Tube - Solvent Cement
Plastic Pipe
Joints
SPECIAL TYPES OF JOINTS:
- Copper Tubing
To Screw Pipe
Joints
- Slip Joints
- Expansion
Joints
- Unions
- Plastic Pipe
Connection to
Other Materials
Use only approved types of fittings &adapters designed for the specific
transition intended
Plastic Pipe
Connection to
Other Materials
May be used in drainage work when accessibly located in the trap seal or between a fixture & its trap
Unions
Used in soil & waste stack
joints shall be free & accessible
Expansion
Joints
Used in fixture traps (exposed for
maintenance) and drains
Slip Joints
Joints shall be made by use of brass
adaptor fittings
Joints shall be properly sweated or
soldered
Copper Tubing
To Screw Pipe
Joints
Joints shall be made by the use of
approved brass fittings soldered,
or by brass compression type fitting
Copper Water
Tube
Shall be lapped and the assembly
shall be fused together to form a
uniform weld at least as thick as the
lead sheets being joined
Burned Lead
Joints
For soft copper, water tubing shall be expanded with a proper flaring tool
Flared Joints
Shall be a sleeve coupling of the same composition as the pipe or of other approved materials, and sealed with neoprene rubber rings or joined by an approved type compression coupling
Asbestos
Cement Sewer
Pipe Joints
Joints in lead pipe or fittings; between lead pipe or fittings & brass or copper pipe, ferrules, solder nipples or traps
Joints between lead pipe & cast iron, steel or wrought iron pipe shall be made by means of a caulking ferrule or soldering nipple
Wiped Joints
Supports shall be placed at every joint on horizontal runs
unless distance between joints is less than 4 ft.
Use strap iron or special pipe hangers for this purpose
Supporting Cast-iron Pipe
What are the different types of hangers and supports?
- Friction clamps
- Lag shields
- Caulking anchors
- Toggle Bolts
- Plastic Anchors
