Introduction to Physiology Flashcards
Anatomy vs Physiology
-anatomy - describes the structures of the body, what they are made of, where they are located and associated structures
-physiology is the study of the functions of anatomical structures and individual and cooperative functions
types of human physiology
-cell physiology
-organ physiology
-systemic physiology
-pathological physiology
signs vs symptoms
-sign is objective
-symptoms are subjective
levels of organization
-chemical level
-cellular level
-tissue level
-organ level
-organ system level
-organism level
integumentary system
-skin
-hair
-sweat glands
-nails
-protection, regulation of body temp, providing sensory info
skeletal system
-bones, cartilage, ligaments, bone marrow
-support and protection, stores calcium and other minerals, forms blood cells
muscular system
-skeletal muscles and associated tendons
-movement, protection and support, heat production
nervous system
-brain, SC, peripheral nerves, sense organs
-directs immediate responses to stimuli, coordinate or moderates other organ systems, provodes and interprets sensory info
endocrine system
-pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas and gonads, endocrine tissues in other systems
-long term changes in organ systems, adjusts metabolic activity and energy use, control many structural and functional changes during development
cardiovascular system
-heart, blood, blood vessels
-distribution of blood cells, water nutrients, wasts products, ocygen and co2, controlling body temp
lymphatic system
-spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils, defend against infection and disease, returns tissue fluids to bloodstream
respiratory system
-nasal cavities, sinuses, larynxes, trachea, bronchi, lungs alveoli
-deliver air to alveoli, oxygen to blood stream, remove co2 from blood stream, produces sound for communication
digestive system
-teeth, otngie, pharynx, esophagus, stomach SI, LI, liver gall bladder, pancreas
-process and digest food, absorb and conserve water, absorb nutrients, stores energy reserves
urinary and renal system
-kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, excretes wast products from the blood, control water balance, stores urine prior to elimination, regulates blood ion concentration and pH
male reproductive system
-testes, epidydimus, ductus deferns, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, scrotum
-procution of sperm, seminal fluids and hormones, sex
female reproductive system
-ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris, mammary glands
-produce oocytes, support embryo, nourish newborn, sex
homeostasos
-state of equilibirum
-dynamic equilibirum
-physiological systems work to maintain balance
-all body systems work together to maintian a stable internal environment
-systems respond to external and internal changes to keep variables within normal ranges
homeostatic regulation types
-autoregulation - autonomic response in cell tissue oroorgan to an environmental change
-extrinsic regulation - responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems
homeostatic regulatory mechanism consists of
-receptor, control center, effector
-limits fluctuations of internal conditions to keep them close to a set point or desired value
negative feedback
-the response of the effector negates the stimulus
-body is brought back into homeostasis
-minimizes change
-effector opposes stimulus
positive feedback
-initial stimulus produces a response that amplifies the original change in conditions
-body is moved away from homeostasis
-positive feedback loop completes a process quickly to reestablish homeostasis
-e.g blood clotting and birth of a child
