Introduction To Physiology Flashcards

(56 cards)

1
Q

What is physiology?

A

The science of studying the functional activities and mechanisms in the biological body.

For example: why can the heart automatically beat?

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2
Q

What are the Greek origins of the word physiology?

A

Derived from ‘physis’ (nature) and ‘logos’ (study).

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3
Q

Who is known as the father of physiology?

A

Galen, who was the first to perform experiments to understand body functions.

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4
Q

Who was the first modern physiologist?

A

William Harvey, who described the circulatory system in the 17th century.

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5
Q

What concept did Claude Bernard introduce?

A

The concept of ‘milieu interieur’ or internal environment, establishing physiology as the scientific basis of medicine.

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6
Q

What is the father of modern physiology known for?

A

Claude Bernard is known as the father of modern physiology.

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7
Q

Name the subdivisions of physiology.

A
  • Viral physiology
  • Bacterial physiology
  • Cellular physiology
  • Plant physiology
  • Human physiology
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8
Q

What is human physiology?

A

The science of studying the rule of physiological functions in the human body.

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9
Q

Differentiate between process and function in physiology.

A
  • Process: How do we breathe?
  • Function: Why do we breathe?
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10
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body despite fluctuations in the external or internal environment.

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11
Q

Who coined the term ‘homeostasis’?

A

Walter Cannon in 1929.

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12
Q

What are the key themes in physiology?

A
  • Homeostasis
  • Communication and movement across cell membranes
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13
Q

What does the integumentary system consist of?

A

The integument (skin) and structures derived from it (hair, nails, and oil/sweat glands).

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14
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

A
  • Protects the body
  • Regulates body temperature
  • Eliminates wastes
  • Receives stimuli (tactile, temperature, pain)
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15
Q

What is the skeletal system composed of?

A

Bones, cartilage, and ligaments.

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16
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A
  • Provides body support and protection
  • Permits movement and leverage
  • Produces blood cells
  • Stores minerals
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17
Q

What is the function of the muscular system?

A
  • Effects body movements
  • Maintains posture
  • Produces body heat
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18
Q

What does the lymphatic system consist of?

A

Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs.

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19
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  • Removes foreign substances from blood and lymph
  • Combats disease
  • Maintains tissue fluid balance
  • Absorbs dietary fats from the digestive tract
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20
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system?

A
  • Supplies oxygen to the blood
  • Eliminates carbon dioxide
  • Helps regulate acid-base balance
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21
Q

What is the main function of the digestive system?

A

Mechanically and chemically breaks down foods for cellular use and eliminates undigested wastes.

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22
Q

What does the nervous system consist of?

A

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs such as the eye and ear.

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23
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system?

A
  • Detects and responds to changes in the environment
  • Enables reasoning and memory
  • Regulates body activities
24
Q

What is the endocrine system composed of?

A

Hormone-producing glands such as the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid, adrenal glands, and others.

25
What are the functions of the endocrine system?
Controls and integrates body functions via hormones secreted into the bloodstream.
26
What is the cardiovascular system's main function?
* Transports respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes * Protects against disease and fluid loss * Helps regulate body temperature and acid-base balance
27
What does the urinary system do?
* Removes various wastes from the blood * Regulates chemical composition, volume, and electrolyte balance of the blood * Maintains acid-base balance
28
What is the reproductive system's function?
Reproduces the organism and produces sex hormones.
29
What is the average body composition percentage of protein in a young adult male?
18%
30
What is the average body composition percentage of fat in a young adult male?
15%
31
What is the average body composition percentage of water in a young adult male?
60%
32
How is body fluid content divided?
* Extracellular fluid (ECF) * Intracellular fluid (ICF)
33
What is the approximate volume of intracellular fluid (ICF) in the body?
About 28 liters.
34
What are the cations found in extracellular fluid (ECF)?
* Na+ * K+ * Mg2+
35
What are the anions found in extracellular fluid (ECF)?
* Cl- * HCO3-
36
What is passive transport?
Movement of substances across cell membranes without using cellular energy.
37
What is osmosis?
The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane.
38
What is active transport?
Movement of substances across cell membranes that requires energy, typically using carrier proteins.
39
What is the role of the receptor in homeostatic regulation?
Receives information about a change in the environment.
40
What is feedback in homeostatic regulation?
The signal sent by the effector, which can be either negative or positive.
41
True or False: Homeostasis is essential for survival.
True
42
What are the main components of a feedback system?
Receptor, Control Center, Effector, Afferent Pathway, Efferent Pathway ## Footnote The feedback system processes information and responds to stimuli.
43
What is feedback in a biological system?
The signal sent by the effector ## Footnote Feedback can either be negative or positive.
44
What is negative feedback?
When the effector opposes the stimulus and reverses the direction of change ## Footnote Example: Decrease in blood glucose and blood pressure.
45
What is positive feedback?
When the effector reinforces the stimulus and amplifies the direction of change ## Footnote Example: Uterine contractions during childbirth that trigger the release of oxytocin.
46
Fill in the blank: Negative feedback causes the temperature to _______.
rise ## Footnote This occurs when the effector opposes a dropping temperature.
47
What happens during positive feedback in childbirth?
Uterine contractions trigger the release of oxytocin, amplifying the contractions ## Footnote This leads to further release of oxytocin.
48
What is an example of positive feedback in the body?
Blood clotting, protein digestion ## Footnote These processes involve amplifying the response to a stimulus.
49
How does the body respond to heat stress?
Sweating and vasodilation ## Footnote Sweating cools the body through evaporation, while vasodilation increases blood flow to the skin.
50
What role do thermoreceptors play in temperature regulation?
They detect changes in body temperature and send messages to the hypothalamus ## Footnote This initiates responses to either cool down or warm up the body.
51
What is vasoconstriction?
Constricts smooth muscle of arterioles to limit blood flow and reduce heat loss ## Footnote This is a response to cold temperatures.
52
What is piloerection?
Constricts smooth muscle around hair follicles, causing hair to stand on end ## Footnote Erect hair traps warm air next to the skin, helping to retain heat.
53
How does shivering contribute to temperature regulation?
Initiates rhythmic contractions of skeletal muscles ## Footnote This generates heat to warm the body.
54
Take Home Message: What are examples of negative feedback?
1. Decrease in blood glucose 2. Decrease in blood pressure ## Footnote These are responses that oppose changes in the body.
55
Take Home Message: What are examples of positive feedback?
1. Clotting 2. Parturition ## Footnote These processes amplify the response to a stimulus.
56
What is a compartment on it own?
Blood; it has plasma (ECF) and blood cells (ICF)