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Physiology > Introduction To Physiology > Flashcards

Introduction To Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is physiology?

A

The science of studying the functional activities and mechanisms in the biological body.

For example: why can the heart automatically beat?

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2
Q

What are the Greek origins of the word physiology?

A

Derived from ‘physis’ (nature) and ‘logos’ (study).

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3
Q

Who is known as the father of physiology?

A

Galen, who was the first to perform experiments to understand body functions.

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4
Q

Who was the first modern physiologist?

A

William Harvey, who described the circulatory system in the 17th century.

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5
Q

What concept did Claude Bernard introduce?

A

The concept of ‘milieu interieur’ or internal environment, establishing physiology as the scientific basis of medicine.

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6
Q

What is the father of modern physiology known for?

A

Claude Bernard is known as the father of modern physiology.

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7
Q

Name the subdivisions of physiology.

A
  • Viral physiology
  • Bacterial physiology
  • Cellular physiology
  • Plant physiology
  • Human physiology
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8
Q

What is human physiology?

A

The science of studying the rule of physiological functions in the human body.

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9
Q

Differentiate between process and function in physiology.

A
  • Process: How do we breathe?
  • Function: Why do we breathe?
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10
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body despite fluctuations in the external or internal environment.

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11
Q

Who coined the term ‘homeostasis’?

A

Walter Cannon in 1929.

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12
Q

What are the key themes in physiology?

A
  • Homeostasis
  • Communication and movement across cell membranes
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13
Q

What does the integumentary system consist of?

A

The integument (skin) and structures derived from it (hair, nails, and oil/sweat glands).

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14
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

A
  • Protects the body
  • Regulates body temperature
  • Eliminates wastes
  • Receives stimuli (tactile, temperature, pain)
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15
Q

What is the skeletal system composed of?

A

Bones, cartilage, and ligaments.

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16
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A
  • Provides body support and protection
  • Permits movement and leverage
  • Produces blood cells
  • Stores minerals
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17
Q

What is the function of the muscular system?

A
  • Effects body movements
  • Maintains posture
  • Produces body heat
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18
Q

What does the lymphatic system consist of?

A

Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs.

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19
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  • Removes foreign substances from blood and lymph
  • Combats disease
  • Maintains tissue fluid balance
  • Absorbs dietary fats from the digestive tract
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20
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system?

A
  • Supplies oxygen to the blood
  • Eliminates carbon dioxide
  • Helps regulate acid-base balance
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21
Q

What is the main function of the digestive system?

A

Mechanically and chemically breaks down foods for cellular use and eliminates undigested wastes.

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22
Q

What does the nervous system consist of?

A

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs such as the eye and ear.

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23
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system?

A
  • Detects and responds to changes in the environment
  • Enables reasoning and memory
  • Regulates body activities
24
Q

What is the endocrine system composed of?

A

Hormone-producing glands such as the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid, adrenal glands, and others.

25
Q

What are the functions of the endocrine system?

A

Controls and integrates body functions via hormones secreted into the bloodstream.

26
Q

What is the cardiovascular system’s main function?

A
  • Transports respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes
  • Protects against disease and fluid loss
  • Helps regulate body temperature and acid-base balance
27
Q

What does the urinary system do?

A
  • Removes various wastes from the blood
  • Regulates chemical composition, volume, and electrolyte balance of the blood
  • Maintains acid-base balance
28
Q

What is the reproductive system’s function?

A

Reproduces the organism and produces sex hormones.

29
Q

What is the average body composition percentage of protein in a young adult male?

A

18%

30
Q

What is the average body composition percentage of fat in a young adult male?

A

15%

31
Q

What is the average body composition percentage of water in a young adult male?

A

60%

32
Q

How is body fluid content divided?

A
  • Extracellular fluid (ECF)
  • Intracellular fluid (ICF)
33
Q

What is the approximate volume of intracellular fluid (ICF) in the body?

A

About 28 liters.

34
Q

What are the cations found in extracellular fluid (ECF)?

A
  • Na+
  • K+
  • Mg2+
35
Q

What are the anions found in extracellular fluid (ECF)?

A
  • Cl-
  • HCO3-
36
Q

What is passive transport?

A

Movement of substances across cell membranes without using cellular energy.

37
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane.

38
Q

What is active transport?

A

Movement of substances across cell membranes that requires energy, typically using carrier proteins.

39
Q

What is the role of the receptor in homeostatic regulation?

A

Receives information about a change in the environment.

40
Q

What is feedback in homeostatic regulation?

A

The signal sent by the effector, which can be either negative or positive.

41
Q

True or False: Homeostasis is essential for survival.

A

True

42
Q

What are the main components of a feedback system?

A

Receptor, Control Center, Effector, Afferent Pathway, Efferent Pathway

The feedback system processes information and responds to stimuli.

43
Q

What is feedback in a biological system?

A

The signal sent by the effector

Feedback can either be negative or positive.

44
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

When the effector opposes the stimulus and reverses the direction of change

Example: Decrease in blood glucose and blood pressure.

45
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

When the effector reinforces the stimulus and amplifies the direction of change

Example: Uterine contractions during childbirth that trigger the release of oxytocin.

46
Q

Fill in the blank: Negative feedback causes the temperature to _______.

A

rise

This occurs when the effector opposes a dropping temperature.

47
Q

What happens during positive feedback in childbirth?

A

Uterine contractions trigger the release of oxytocin, amplifying the contractions

This leads to further release of oxytocin.

48
Q

What is an example of positive feedback in the body?

A

Blood clotting, protein digestion

These processes involve amplifying the response to a stimulus.

49
Q

How does the body respond to heat stress?

A

Sweating and vasodilation

Sweating cools the body through evaporation, while vasodilation increases blood flow to the skin.

50
Q

What role do thermoreceptors play in temperature regulation?

A

They detect changes in body temperature and send messages to the hypothalamus

This initiates responses to either cool down or warm up the body.

51
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

Constricts smooth muscle of arterioles to limit blood flow and reduce heat loss

This is a response to cold temperatures.

52
Q

What is piloerection?

A

Constricts smooth muscle around hair follicles, causing hair to stand on end

Erect hair traps warm air next to the skin, helping to retain heat.

53
Q

How does shivering contribute to temperature regulation?

A

Initiates rhythmic contractions of skeletal muscles

This generates heat to warm the body.

54
Q

Take Home Message: What are examples of negative feedback?

A
  1. Decrease in blood glucose
  2. Decrease in blood pressure

These are responses that oppose changes in the body.

55
Q

Take Home Message: What are examples of positive feedback?

A
  1. Clotting
  2. Parturition

These processes amplify the response to a stimulus.

Physiology (5 decks)

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