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BIO108 - GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY > Introduction To Physiology > Flashcards

Introduction To Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is physiology?

A

THE STUDY OF THE BIOLOGICAL
FUNCTIONS OF ORGANS AND THEIR
INTERRELATIONSHIPS

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2
Q

Studies interplay of factors that affect growth (connectedness of each aspect of the body)

A

Physiology

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3
Q

Physiological difference between plants and animals

A

Plants
1.Mostly producers
2. Unlimited scheme of growth
3. Non-motile and must rely on immediate nutrient sources
4. Use large amounts of 02
5. Conserve nitrogen
6. Transports fluids/food through vascular tissues
7.Grow throughout their entire lifetime

Animals
1. Consumer
2. Limited
3. Can move around
4. Give off CO2
5. Give off nitrogen as waste
6. Bloodstream
7. Reaches certain stage and growth more or less stops

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4
Q

A french physiologist who is known as the father of modern physiology

A

Claude Bernard (1813 - 1878)

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5
Q

He observed that the internal environment remains remarkably constant despite changing conditions in the external environment

A

Claude Bernard

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6
Q

An American physiologist who coined the term homeostasis to describe this STABLE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT in 1932

A

Walter Canon

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7
Q

2 Themes of Physiology

A
  1. Integration
  2. Homeostasis
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8
Q

It is an international conference brought together physiologists and researchers from around the world to discuss the latest advancements and research in the field of physiology held in Glasgow, Scotland, from August 1 to 6, 1993

A

The XXXII (32nd) Congress of the International Union of Physiological Sciences (IUPS)

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9
Q

• XXXII (32nd) Congress of the International
Union of Physiological Sciences in
Glasgow, Scotland on August 1-6, 1993
• Research levels from whole body, to
organs, tissues, cells, organelles, and
genes
• At present, from gene to function

A

Integrative Physiology

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10
Q

It takes in oxygen and removes waste gases

A

Respiratory system

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11
Q

The cardiovascular system is responsible
for delivering the oxygen to all parts of
our bodies

A
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12
Q

The cardiovascular system is responsible for delivering the oxygen to all parts of
our bodies

A

Cardiovascular system

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13
Q

___ and ___ are distributed by the blood

A

Nutrients and oxygen

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14
Q

Metabolic wastes are
eliminated by the ___ and
___ systems

A

Urinary and respiratory system

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15
Q

Biological hierarchy

A

A. Molecule: Actin
B. Organelle: Myofibril
(found only in muscle
cells)
C. Cell and tissue:
Muscle cell within
muscle tissue
D. Organ: Flight
muscle of a moth

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16
Q

Four Tissue Types

A
  1. Connective tissue
  2. Muscle (contractile) tissue
  3. Nerve tissue
  4. Epithelial tissue
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17
Q
  • Binds together or supports cells, other tissues/organs
  • It provides structural and nutritional support, stores energy, and helps in tissue repair.
  • Examples: Bone, blood, adipose (fat) tissue, cartilage, and tendons.
A

Connective tissue

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18
Q
  • Contracts on stimulation
  • Movement, posture and heat production
A

Muscle (Contractile) Tissue

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19
Q
  • Conducts nerve impulses throughout the body
  • Examples: Brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It consists of neurons (nerve cells) and supporting cells (neuroglia or glial cells).
A

Nerve tissue

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20
Q

-Covers all body surfaces; lines all cavities; forms glands
- Protective barrier against the environment
- Examples: Skin epithelium, lining of the gastrointestinal tract, and epithelial cells in the kidneys.

A

Epithelial tissue

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21
Q

Major Organ System

A

Urinary
Nervous
Digestive
Endocrine
Respiratory
Reproduction
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Circulatory
Lymphatic

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22
Q

Three definitions of homeostasis

A
  1. DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM
  2. INSPITE OF MULTIPLE
    STIMULI
  3. MAINTAINED BY
    NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
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23
Q

Homeostasis is often described as ___ ___ because it involves continuous adjustments to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.

A

dynamic equilibrium

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24
Q

Homeostasis maintains stability in the internal environment even when faced with multiple external ___ or ___.

A

Stimuli or changes

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25
Q

Homeostasis is primarily regulated by ___ ___ mechanisms. In this mechanism, a change in a physiological condition triggers responses that counteract the initial change, bringing the system back to its set point.

A

negative feedback

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26
Q

The ability of the body to maintain relatively
stable internal conditions even though there is
continuous change in the outside world

A

Homeostasis

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27
Q

Basic components of homeostatic control system

A

Receptor -> control center -> Effector

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28
Q

Step by step homeostatic control mechanism

A

Stimulus:
Produces
change
in variable
-> Change
detected
by receptor -> Input:
Information
sent along
afferent
pathway to -> Output:
Information sent
along efferent pathway to -> Response of
effector feeds
back to influence
magnitude of
stimulus and
returns
variable to
homeostasis

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29
Q

Regulation of
homeostasis is accomplished through the ___ and ___ system

A

nervous and endocrine system

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30
Q

DETECTS CHANGES (STIMULI) IN THE BODY.

A

Receptor

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31
Q

DETERMINES A SET POINT FOR A NORMAL RANGE.

A

Control center

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32
Q

CAUSES THE RESPONSE
DETERMINED BY THE CONTROL CENTER.

A

Effector

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33
Q
  • A regulatory mechanism in which a
    change in a controlled variable
    triggers a response that opposes
    the change
  • decreases the intensity of the
    stimulus or eliminates it
    -causes the system to change in the
    opposite direction from the stimulus
A

Negative feedback

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34
Q

Most homeostatic control mechanisms are ___ ___ mechanisms

A

negative feedback

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35
Q

Mechanism where the output shuts
off or somehow alleviates the original stimulus
• Example: Regulation of blood glucose

A

Negative feedback

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36
Q

mechanism that enhances
or exaggerates the original stimulus so that
activity is accelerated

A

Positive feedback

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37
Q

It is considered positive because it results in change occurring in the ___ direction as the ___ stimulus

A

Same
Original

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38
Q

Positive feedback mechanisms usually control ___ ___ such as blood
clotting or childbirth

A

infrequent events

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39
Q

Positive feedback usually does not maintain ___. It is characterized by being short in duration, and infrequent.

A

Homeostasis

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40
Q

In positive feedback
systems, the output
____ or
___ the
original stimulus
• Example: Regulation
of blood clotting

A

Enhances or exaggerates

41
Q

Most diseases cause ___ ___ (chills,
fevers, elevated white blood counts etc)

A

homeostatic imbalances

42
Q

___ reduces our ability to maintain homeostasis, particularly managing
heat stress

A

Aging

43
Q

Occurs when a disturbance of homeostasis or the body’s normal
equilibrium is not corrected

A

Illness

44
Q

a fluctuation in the ability to maintain equilibrium and a constant environment within the body. For example, if a person is having a homeostatic imbalance they may not sweat properly

A

Homeostatic imbalance

45
Q

crucial for maintaining homeostasis, but they can be overwhelmed or malfunction in certain conditions, such as diabetes mellitus and clotting disorders.

A

Feedback mechanism

46
Q

Brings together everything known about an animal’s function to create an integral picture of how an animal operates in its environment.

A

Integrative science

47
Q
  • Study the structure and functions of the various parts of animals and plants; how these parts work together to allow organisms to perform their normal behaviors and respond to their environment
A

Physiologist

48
Q

Learn about the control and regulation of processes within groups of cells and how the combined activities of this cell groups affect the function of the animal

A

Design experiments

49
Q

Three unifying themes of physiological processes

A
  1. Obey physical and chemical laws
  2. Regulated to maintain internal conditions and trigger an appropriate response
  3. Physiological state of an animal is part of its phenotype, which arises as the product of the genetic make-up, or genotype, and its interaction with its environment.
50
Q

Subdisciplines of physiology

A
  1. Comparative physiology
  2. Environmental physiology
  3. Evolutionary physiology
  4. Developmental physiology
  5. Cell physiology
51
Q

Species are compared in order to discern physiological and environmental patterns

A

Comparative physiology

52
Q

Examines organisms in the context of the environments they inhabit

A

Environmental physiology

53
Q

Techniques of evolutionary biology and systematics are used to understand the evolution of organisms from physiological viewpoint focusing on physiological markers rather than anatomic markers

A

Evolutionary physiology

54
Q

How physiological processes unfold during the course of organism development from embryo through larva or fetus to adulthood

A

Developmental physiology

55
Q

Vital information on the physiology of cells themselves, which can be used to understand the physiological responses of tissues organs and organ system

A

Cell physiology

56
Q

Central themes in physiology

A
  1. Structure or function relationships
  2. Adaptation, Acclimatization, and Acclimation
  3. Homeostasis
  4. Feedback control system
  5. Conformity and Regulation
57
Q
  • Function is based on structure
  • Form fits function at all the levels of life, from molecules to organisms
  • Knowledge of a structure provides insight into
    what it does and how its works
A

Structural/Function Relationships

58
Q

structure-function relationship is clear in the ___ ___ in the shape of bird wing.

A

aerodynamic efficiency

59
Q

It is how well an object moves through the air with the least amount of resistance. The more __ __ something is, the less air slows it down, which means it can move faster and use less energy

A

Aerodynamic efficiency

60
Q

What is the relationship between structure and function in bird wings related to aerodynamic efficiency?

A

The structure of bird wings is designed for aerodynamic efficiency. They have a honeycombed internal structure that makes the bones light but strong, flight muscles controlled by neurons that coordinate movement, and ample mitochondria in cells to provide the energy needed for flight.

61
Q

How does the internal structure of bird bones contribute to flight?

A

Bird bones have a honeycombed internal structure, making them light but strong, which reduces weight and allows for more efficient flight

62
Q

What role do neurons play in bird flight?

A

Neurons in birds transmit signals between the wings and brain, controlling flight muscles and coordinating movement for efficient flight.

63
Q

Why are mitochondria important in bird flight?

A

Mitochondria provides the energy needed to power flight by generating ATP, which fuels the bird’s muscles during flight.

64
Q

What are the levels of biological organization?

A
  1. Organism level
  2. Organ system level
  3. Organ and Tissue levels
  4. Cellular level
  5. Macromolecular level
  6. Molecular level
65
Q

What is the relationship between the Molecular level and the Atoms?

A

The Molecular level consists of molecules formed by atoms. Atoms are the smallest units of matter and form the basis for all levels of biological organization.

66
Q

Physiology of an organism is very well matched to the environment it occupies, thereby ensuring its survival

A

Adaptation, Acclimatization, and
Acclimation

67
Q

What is adaptation in the context of evolution?

A

Adaptation is the process of evolution through natural selection, leading to an organism whose physiology, anatomy, and behavior are matched to the demands of its environment.

68
Q

Is adaptation generally reversible or irreversible?

A

irreversible

69
Q

What makes a physiological process adaptive in a population?

A

A physiological process is considered adaptive if it is present at high frequency in the population because it results in a higher probability of survival and reproduction compared to alternative processes.

70
Q

How are physiological and anatomic adaptations passed on?

A

Physiological and anatomic adaptations are genetically based, passed on from generation to generation through DNA, and constantly shaped and maintained by natural selection.

71
Q

a physiological, biochemical, or anatomic change within an individual animal during its life that results from an animal’s chronic exposure in its native habitat to new, naturally occurring environmental condition
EX: animal in migrate to high altitude

A

Acclimatization

72
Q

refers to the same process as
acclimatization when the changes are
induced experimentally in the laboratory or
in the wild by an investigator
•animal placed in hypobaric chamber

A

Acclimation

73
Q

Are acclimatization and acclimation reversible?

A

Reversible

74
Q

“Constancy of the internal
environment is the condition of
free life”
-Claude Bernard

A

milieu interieur

75
Q

“extended notion of internal
consistency to the organization and
function of cells, tissues and organs”

A

Walter B. Cannon

76
Q

The evolution of ___ and the ___ systems that maintain it were essential factors in
allowing animals to venture from relatively
“physiologically friendly” environments and invade habitats more hostile to life processes.

A

Homeostasis
Physiological system

77
Q

antagonistic hormones that help maintain glucose homeostasis

A

Insulin and glucagon

78
Q

What is hypoinsulinism and what condition does it lead to?

A

a condition that leads to diabetes mellitus.

79
Q

has clusters of endocrine cells called
islets of Langerhans with alpha cells that
produce glucagon and beta cells that produce insulin

A

Pancreas

80
Q

Pancreas has clusters of endocrine cells called
__ of ___ with alpha cells that
produce ___ and beta cells that produce
insulin

A

islets of Langerhans
alpha - glucagon
beta -

81
Q

What factors contribute to the development of diabetes mellitus?

A

Hereditary factors and obesity

82
Q

What happens to blood sugar levels in diabetes mellitus?

A

Blood sugar levels become high, leading to sugar being excreted in the urine.

83
Q

What are the common symptoms of diabetes mellitus?

A

excessive urination and excessive thirst.

84
Q

if diabetes mellitus becomes severe ___ substitutes for ___ as the major fuel source, leading to the production of acidic metabolites, which can cause a life-threatening lowering of blood pH.

A

fat
glucose

85
Q
  • autoimmune disorder
  • usually appears in childhood
  • treatment: insulin injections
A

Type I diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent
diabetes)

86
Q
  • usually due to target cells having a decreased
  • responsiveness to insulin
  • usually occurs after age 40 – risk increases with age
    accounts for over 90% of diabetes cases
A

Type II diabetes mellitus (non-insulin-dependent
diabetes)

87
Q

is the ability of selected organisms to lose almost all water and enter a state of reversible ametabolism.

A

Anhydrobiosis

88
Q
  • regulatory processes that maintain
    homeostasis in the cells and multicellular
    organisms depend on ___
A

Feedback

89
Q

return of information to a controller that regulates a controlled variable.

A

Feedback

90
Q

How does feedback work in regulating physiological variables?

A

Feedback occurs when sensory information about a particular variable (e.g., temperature, pH, salinity) is used to control processes in the cells, tissues, and organs that influence the internal level of that variable.

91
Q

when an organism is confronted with changes
in its environment (e.g. changes in oxygen availability or salinity), it can respond in one or
two ways:

A

Conformity and Regulation

92
Q

organisms that maintain their internal osmotic pressure by conforming to the osmotic pressure of their surrounding environment. This means that the concentration of solutes (such as salts) inside their bodies is similar to the concentration of solutes in the external environment, which allows them to avoid significant water loss or gain

A

Osmoconformers

93
Q

environmental challenges induce
internal body changes that simply parallel the external conditions (unable to maintain
homeostasis)
e.g.
osmoconformers (starfish, shark)

A

Conformers

94
Q
  • organisms whose rate of oxygen consumption changes directly in response to the oxygen levels in their environment.
  • do not actively regulate their oxygen uptake instead, their metabolic rate decreases as the availability of oxygen decreases
A

Oxyconformers

95
Q

maintain a stable rate of oxygen consumption regardless of external oxygen levels

A

oxregulators

96
Q

biochemical, physiological, behavioral,
and other mechanisms to regulate their internal environment over a broad range of external environmental changes (maintain homeostasis)

A

Regulators

97
Q

biochemical, physiological, behavioral,
and other mechanisms to regulate their internal environment over a broad range of external environmental changes (maintain homeostasis)

A

Regulators

98
Q

maintain ion concentrations of
body fluids above environmental levels when placed in dilute water vice
vers

A

Osmoregulators

99
Q

is based largely on controlled
movement of solutes between internal fluids and the external environment

A

Osmoregulation

BIO108 - GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY (3 decks)

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