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10 Flashcards

1
Q
  • encloses
    the cell, defines its boundaries,
  • maintains the essential differences between
    the cytosol and the extracellular environment
A

plasma membrane

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2
Q

maintain the characteristic differences
between the contents of each organelle and the cytosol

A

membrane-enclosed organelles

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3
Q

Across membranes, it is established by the activities of specialized membrane proteins
- can
be used to synthesize ATP, to drive the transport of selected solutes across the
membrane, or, as in nerve and muscle cells, to produce and transmit electrical
signals

A

Ion gradients

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4
Q
  • plasma membrane also contains proteins that act as sensors of external signals, allowing the cell to change its behavior in response to environmental cues, including signals from other cells
A

protein sensors, or
receptors

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5
Q

transfer information—rather than molecules—across the membrane

A

protein sensors, or
receptors

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6
Q

provides the basic fluid structure of
the membrane and serves as a relatively impermeable barrier to the passage of
most water-soluble molecules.

A

lipid bilayer

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7
Q

span the lipid bilayer and
mediate nearly all of the other functions of the membrane

A

membrane proteins

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8
Q

provides the basic structure for
all cell membranes

A

Lipid Bilayer

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9
Q

50% of the mass of the most
animal cell membranes

A

lipids

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10
Q

All of the lipid molecules in cell
membranes are

A

amphiphilic

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11
Q

they have a hydrophilic (“water-loving”) or
polar end and a hydrophobic (“water-fearing”) or nonpolar end.

A

amphiphilic

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12
Q

most abundant membrane lipids

A

phospholipids

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13
Q

The parts of phospholipid molecule

A

polar head group (hydrophilic) containing a phosphate group and two hydrophobic hydrocarbon tails

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14
Q

containing a phosphate group

A

Head

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15
Q

creates kink in the tail

A

cis-double bonds (unsaturated)

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16
Q

What do cis-double bonds create

A

kink in the tail

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17
Q

main phospholipids in most animal cell membranes

A

phosphoglycerides

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18
Q

component of phosphoglycerides

A
  • three-cardon glycerol backbone
  • two long-chain fatty acids
  • 3rd carbon is attached to a phosphate
    group, which is linked to a head group
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19
Q

the most abundant phosphoglycerides in mammalian cell membranes

A

phosphatidylethanolamine,
phosphatidylserine, and
phosphatidylcholine

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20
Q
  • Another important class of phospholipids
  • from sphingosine
A

sphingolipids

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21
Q

sphingolipids are built from

A

sphingosine

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22
Q

long acyl chain with an amino group (NH2) and two hydroxyl groups (OH)

A

Sphingosine

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23
Q
  • most common sphingolipid
  • a fatty acid tail is attached to the
    amino group, and a phosphocholine
    group is attached to the terminal
    hydroxyl group
A

sphingomyelin

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24
Q

In sphingomyelin, a ____ ___ tail is attached to the amino group, and a ____
group is attached to the terminal
hydroxyl group

A

fatty acid
phosphocholine

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25
Q
  • resemble sphingolipids, but, instead
    of a phosphate-linked head group, they have sugars attached
A

Glycolipids

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26
Q
  • sterol
  • contains a rigid ring structure, to which attached a single polar hydroxyl group and a
    short nonpolar hydrocarbon chain
A

cholesterol

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27
Q

cholesterol contains?

A

rigid ring structure

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27
Q

what is attached on the rigid ring structure of cholesterol

A

single polar hydroxyl group and a short nonpolar hydrocarbon chain

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28
Q

What causes the phospholipid to form bilayers spontaneously in aqueous environments.

A

shape and amphiphilic nature

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29
Q

spontaneously aggregate to bury their hydrophobic tails in the interior, where they are shielded from the water, and they expose their hydrophilic heads to water.

A

amphiphilic molecules

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30
Q

2 ways of amphiphilic molecules to bury their hydrophobic tails in the interior, and expose their hydrophilic heads to water.

A

They form:
1. spherical micelles, ( tails inward)
2. double-layered sheets, or bilayers, (hydrophobic tails sandwiched between the hydrophilic head groups)

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31
Q

Parts of cholesterol

A

polar head groups
Cholesterol -stiffened region
More fluid region

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32
Q

same forces that drive phospholipids to form bilayers also provide a ___-___ ____

A

self-sealing property

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33
Q

creates a free edge with water;
because this is energetically unfavorable, the lipids tend to rearrange spontaneously to eliminate the free edge

A

small tear in the bilayer

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34
Q

Energetically unfavorable

A

Planar phospholipid bilayer with edges exposed to water

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35
Q

Energetically favorable

A

sealed compartment formed by phospholipid bilayer

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36
Q

only way for a bilayer to avoid having edges

A

closing in on itself and forming a
sealed compartment

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37
Q

are able to diffuse freely within the plane of a lipid bilayer

A

lipid molecules

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38
Q

have been used to measure the motion of individual lipid molecules and their components

A

Various techniques

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39
Q
  • can be use to construct a lipid molecule
A

a fluorescent dye or small gold
particle attached to its polar group

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40
Q

one can modify a lipid head group to carry a ___ ___

A

spin label

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41
Q

Example of a “spin label”

A

nitroxide group (=N–O)

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42
Q

contains an unpaired electron whose spin creates a paramagnetic signal that can be
detected by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrum

A

nitroxide group (=N–O)

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43
Q

phospholipid molecules in synthetic bilayers very rarely migrate from the monolayer on one side to that on the other

A

flip-flop”

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44
Q

lipid molecules rapidly exchange
places with their neighbors within a
monolayer

A

rapid lateral diffusion

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45
Q

individual lipid molecules rotate very rapidly about their ___ ___ and have flexible ____ chains

A

long axis
hydrocarbon

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46
Q

the lipid component of a biological membrane

A

two-dimensional liquid

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47
Q

constituent molecules are free to move laterally due to

A

two-dimensional liquid

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48
Q

catalyzes the rapid flipflop of phospholipids from one monolayer to the other

A

phospholipid translocators
(flippases)

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49
Q

Mobility of phospholid

A
  1. lateral diffusion
  2. Flip-flop (rarely occurs)
  3. Rotation
  4. Flexion
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50
Q

a change from a liquid state to a two-dimensional rigid crystalline state at a
characteristic temperature

A

phase transition

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51
Q

modulates the properties of lipid bilayers

A

cholesterol

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52
Q

When mixed with phospholipids, what does cholesterol enhances

A

permeability-barrier
properties

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53
Q

What does cholesterol decrease that makes the lipid less deformable

A

mobility of the first few CH2
groups of the chains of phospholipid molecules

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54
Q

what happens when lipid bilayer is less deformable

A

decreases the permeability of the bilayer to small water-molecule

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55
Q

What does cholesterol prevent

A

the hydrocarbon chains from
coming together and crystallizing

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56
Q

lipids usually contain 20–25-carbon-long prenyl chains

A

archaea

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57
Q

what does lipid contain in archaea

A

20–25-carbon-long prenyl chain

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58
Q

can be built from molecules with similar features but different molecular designs.

A

lipid bilayers

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59
Q

lipid bilayers can be built from molecules with
similar ____ but different ____
designs

A

features
molecular

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60
Q

more varied than those of prokaryotes and
archaea

A

plasma membranes of most eukaryotic cells

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61
Q

eukaryotic cell membrane has how mamy different lipid species

A

500-200

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62
Q

specialized membrane microdomains that
serve as to organizing centers for assembly of signaling molecules, influence membrane fluidity and trafficking of membrane proteins, and regulate different cellular processes such as neurotransmission and receptor
trafficking

A

lipid rafts

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63
Q

function of lipid raft

A
  1. organizing centers for assembly of signaling molecules
  2. influence membrane fluidity and trafficking of membrane proteins
  3. regulate different cellular processes such as neurotransmission and receptor
    trafficking
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64
Q

specific lipids come together in
separate domains

A

phase segregation

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65
Q
  • storage of lipids
  • are surrounded by a single
    monolayer of phospholipids, which contains a large variety of proteins
  • form rapidly when cells are exposed to high concentrations of fatty acid
A

lipid droplets

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66
Q
  • specialized for lipid storage
  • contain a giant liquid droplet
A

fat cells or adipocytes

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67
Q

fat cells or adipocytes contains

A

a giant liquid droplet

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68
Q
  • neutral lipids
    -do not contain hydrophilic head groups
    -are exclusively hydrophobic molecules, and
    therefore aggregate into 3-dimensional droplets
A

triacylglycerols and cholesterol esters

69
Q

triacylglycerols and cholesterol esters aggregate into

A

3-dimensional droplets

70
Q

lipid droplets are surrounded by

A

a single monolayer of phospholipids, which contains a large variety of proteins

71
Q

When does lipid droplet form rapidly

A

when cells are exposed to high concentrations of fatty acid

72
Q

the two ___ of the lipid bilayer have different composition

A

monolayers

73
Q
  • almost all of the phospholipid molecules that have choline in their head group are in the outer monolayer and almost all that contain a
    terminal primary amino group are in the inner monolayer
A

red blood cell (erythrocyte)

74
Q

In RBC, phospholipid molecules that have choline in their head group are in the

A

outer monolayer

75
Q

In RBC,all that contain a terminal primary amino group are in the

A

inner monolayer

76
Q

Outer monolayer

A

phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin

77
Q

inner monolayer

A

phosphatidylethanolamine & phosphatidylserine

78
Q

important in converting extracellular
signals into intracellular one

A

Lipid asymmetry

79
Q

bind to specific lipid head groups found in the cytosolic monolayer of the lipid bilayer

A

many cytosolic proteins

80
Q

Where do many cytosolic proteins bind

A

specific lipid head groups

81
Q

many cytosolic proteins bind to specific lipid head groups found in the?

A

cytosolic monolayer of the lipid bilayer

82
Q

Example of enzyme that binds to the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane, where phosphatidylserine is concentrated, and requires this negatively charged phospholipid for its activity

A

protein kinase C (PKC)

83
Q

modified to create protein-binding sites

A

specific lipid head groups

84
Q

Example of phospholipid where specific lipid head groups must first be modified to create protein-binding site

A

phosphatidylinositol (PI)

85
Q
  • phospholipids in the cytosolic monolayer
A

phosphatidylinositol (PI)

86
Q

can add phosphate groups at distinct positions on the inositol ring, creating binding sites that recruit specific proteins from the cytosol to the membrane

A

lipid kinases

87
Q

lipid kinases example

A

phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase)

88
Q

used in yet another way to convert extracellular signals into intracellular ones

A

Phospholipids in the plasma membrane

89
Q

cleaves an inositol phospholipid in the cytosolic monolayer of the plasma membrane to generate to fragments

A

phospholipases C

90
Q

What are the 2 fragments generated by phospholipases C

A
  • one remains in the membrane and helps activate protein kinase C
  • the other is released into the cytosol and stimulates the release of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum
91
Q

What do phospholipases cleaves in the cytosolic monolayer of the plasma membrane

A

an inositol phospholipid

92
Q

exploit the phospholipid asymmetry of their plasma membranes to distinguish between live and dead cells

A

animals

93
Q

What do animals exploit to distinguish between live and dead cells

A

the phospholipid asymmetry of their plasma membranes

94
Q

translocate from the inner monolayer to the outer monolayer when cells undergo apoptosis

A

phosphatidylserine

95
Q
  • sugar-containing molecules
  • have most extreme asymmetry in their
    membrane distribution
  • found exclusively in the outer
    monolayer of the lipid membrane (facing away from cytosol)
A

glycolipids

96
Q

whete are glycolipids exclusively found

A

outer monolayer of the lipid membrane

97
Q

results from the addition of sugar groups to the lipid molecules in the lumen of the Golgi
apparatus

A

asymmetric distribution of glycolipids
in the bilayer

98
Q

what is the cause of asymmetric distribution of glycolipids in the bilayer

A

addition of sugar groups to the lipid molecules in the lumen of the Golgi apparatus

99
Q
  • occur in all eukaryotic cell plasma membranes, where they generally constitute about 5%
  • also found in some intracellular membranes
A

Glycolipids

100
Q

Glycolipids are also found in some ___ membranes

A

intracellular

101
Q

the functions of glycolipids come from their ____

A

localization

102
Q

glycolipids are confined to the exposed apical surface;where they may help to protect the membrane against the harsh conditions

A

plasma membrane of epithelial cells

103
Q
  • Charged glycolipids
  • important because of their electrical effects
A

gangliosides

104
Q

function in cell-recognition

A

glycolipids

105
Q

Some glycolipids provide entry points for certain bacterial ___ and ___

A

toxins
viruses

106
Q
  • performs most of the membrane’s
    specific tasks and therefore give
    each type of cell membrane its
    characteristic functional properties
  • amphiphilic
A

Membrane Proteins

107
Q

the amounts and types of proteins in
a membrane are highly ___

A

variable

108
Q

extends through the lipid bilayer

A

transmembrane proteins

109
Q

are located entirely in the cytosol and are attached to the cytosolic monolayer of the lipid bilayer

A

Other membrane proteins

110
Q

entirely exposed at the external cell surface, being attached to the lipid bilayer only by a covalent linkage

A

other membrane
proteins

111
Q

Most membrane proteins are thought to
extend across the bilayer as

A

(1) a single α helix,
(2) as multiple α helices, or
(3) as a rolled-up β sheet (a β barrel)

112
Q

Other membrane transport are attached to the bilayer solely by a covalently bound ____ ___, either a fatty acid chain or a prenyl group, in the cytosolic monolayer
or (6) via an _______ linker, to phosphatidylinositol in the noncytosolic
monolayer—called a GPI anchor.

A

lipid chain
oligosaccharide

113
Q

do not extend into the hydrophobic interior of
the lipid bilayer; bound to either face of the membrane by noncovalent interactions

A

peripheral proteins

114
Q

can function on both side of the bilayer
or transport molecules across

A

transmembrane proteins

115
Q

proteins that function on only one side of the lipid bilayer are often associated exclusively with either the ____ ____ or a
___ ____on that side

A

lipid monolayer
protein domain

116
Q
  • has a unique orientation in the membrane
  • different functions of its cytosolic and noncytosolic domains
A

transmembrane protein

117
Q

transmembrane protein has different functions of its ____ and ____ domains

A

cytosolic
noncytosolic

118
Q

cytosolic and noncytosolic domains are separated by ____-____ segment of the polypeptide chain, which contact the hydrophobic area of the lipid bilayer are formed into α helix

A

membrane-spanning

119
Q

polypeptide chain crosses only once

A

single-pass transmembrane proteins

120
Q

the polypeptide chain crosses multiple times

A

multipass transmembranes

121
Q

alternative way for the peptide bonds in the lipid bilayer to satisfy their hydrogen-bonding requirements for multiple transmembrane strands of a polypeptide chain to be arranges as a __ ____ that is rolled up into a
___

A

β sheet
cylinder

122
Q

to be arranges as a β sheet that is rolled up into a cylinder

A

multiple transmembrane strands of a
polypeptide chain

123
Q

are used to localize potential α – helical membrane spanning segments in a polypeptide chain

A

hydropathy plots

124
Q

From hydropathy plots, it is estimated that about 30% of an organism’s proteins are

A

transmembrane proteins

125
Q

Most transmembrane proteins in animal cells are

A

glycosylated

126
Q

are always present on the noncytosolic side of
the membrane

A

oligosaccharide chains

127
Q

Where are oligosaccharide chains always present

A

on the noncytosolic side of the membrane

128
Q

are form on the noncytosolic side, where they can help stabilize either the folded structure of the polypeptide chain or its association with other polypeptide

A

disulfide bonds

129
Q

where are disulfide bonds form

A

noncytosolic side

130
Q

Why disulfude bonds are form on the
noncytosolic side

A
  • help stabilize either the folded
    structure of the polypeptide chain
    or its association with other
    polypeptide
131
Q

extensively coat the surface of all eukaryotic cells

A

carbohydrates

132
Q

What agents can solubilize membrane proteins

A

agents that disrupt hydrophobic associations and destroy the lipid bilayer

133
Q

small amphiphilic molecules; more soluble in water than lipids

A

detergents

134
Q

The detergent’s polar side

A
  1. charged (ionic), as in sodium
    dodecyl sulfate (SDS), or
  2. uncharged (nonionic), as in octylglucoside and Triton
135
Q

surfactant concentration at which micelle formation is first seen in the solution

A

critical micelle concentration (CMC)

136
Q

When mixed with membranes, the _____ ___ of
detergents bind to the hydrophobic regions of the membrane proteins, where they displace lipid molecules with a collar of detergent molecules

A

hydrophobic ends

137
Q

Many membrane proteins can be solubilized and then purified in an active form by the use of ___ detergents.

A

mild

138
Q

Using mild detergents , functionally ____ _____ ___ systems can be reconstituted from purified
components, providing a powerful
means of analyzing the activities of
membrane transporters, ion
channels, signaling receptors, and
so on

A

active membrane protein

139
Q

small, uniformly sized patches of membrane that are surrounded by a belt of protein,
which covers the exposed edge of the bilayer to keep the patch in solution

A

nanodiscs

140
Q

can be analyzed by single particle
electron microscopy techniques to
determine their structure

A

Proteins contained in nanodiscs

141
Q

function as part of multicomponent complexes

A

membrane proteins

142
Q

the first membrane protein complex to be
crystallized and analyzed by x-ray diffraction

A

photosynthetic reaction center

143
Q

function to capture light energy and use it to pump H+ across the membrane

A

photosynthetic complexes (photosynthetic reaction center? Ambot kung same rana sila do)

144
Q

membrane proteins do not ___ across the lipid bilayer

A

tumble (flip-flop)

145
Q

membrane proteins do ___ about an axis perpendicular to the plane of the
bilayer

A
146
Q

many membrane proteins are able to
move laterally within the membrane

A

lateral diffusion

147
Q

some plasma membrane proteins
are mobile in the __ of the
membrane

A

plane

148
Q

-measures lateral diffusion rates of membrane
proteins
-involves marking the membrane protein of interest with a specific fluorescent group.

A

fluorescence recovery after
photobleaching (FRAP)

149
Q

Exampke that involves marking the membrane protein of interest with a specific fluorescent group.

A

green fluorescent protein (GFP)

150
Q

labeling individual membrane molecules
and track their movement by video
microscopy

A

single-particle tracking

151
Q

most cells ___ membrane
proteins to specific regions

A

confine

152
Q

certain plasma
membrane enzymes and transport
proteins are confined to the apical
surface of the cells, whereas others
are confined to the basal and
lateral surfaces

A

epithelial cells

153
Q

where are plasma membrane enzymes and transport proteins are confined to in epithelial cells

A

apical surface, others to the basal and
lateral surfaces

154
Q

often essential for the function of the epithelium

A

asymmetric distribution of
membrane proteins

155
Q

maintain the separation of both protein and lipid molecules

A

barriers set up by specific type of
intercellular junction

156
Q

create nanoscale raft domains that function in signaling and membrane trafficking

A

protein-protein interactions in membranes

157
Q

protein-protein interactions in
membranes create?

A

nanoscale raft
domains

158
Q

a single cell that consists of several structurally and functionally
distinct parts covered by a continuous plasma membrane

A

mammalian spermatozoon

159
Q

Its characteristic biconcave shape results from
interactions of its plasma membrane
proteins with an underlying
cytoskeleton, which consists mainly
of a meshwork of the filamentous
protein spectrin

A

red blood cell

160
Q

characteristic of rbc that results from
interactions of its plasma membrane
proteins with an underlying
cytoskeleton

A

biconcave shape

161
Q
  • long, thin, flexible rod
  • it maintains the structural integrity and
    shape of the plasma membrane
A

spectrin

162
Q

deformable, netlike meshwork that
covers the entire cytosolic surface of
the red cell membrane

A

riveted spectrin cytoskeleton to the membrane through various membrane proteins.

163
Q

genetic abnormalities in spectrin

A

anemic and have red cells that are spherical and fragile

164
Q
  • restricts diffusion
  • can form mechanical barriers that obstruct the free diffusion of proteins in
    the membrane.
A

cortical cytoskeletal network

165
Q

cortical cytoskeletal network can form ____ ____

A

mechanical barriers

166
Q

is controlled dynamically

A

Membrane shape

167
Q

Membrane shape is controlled dynamically because these 3 cell processes require elaborate transient membrane deformations.

A

vesicle budding, cell movement, and
cell division

168
Q

membrane shape is influenced by?

A

dynamic pushing and pulling forces exerted by
cytoskeletal or extracellular structures

169
Q
A

z (5 decks)

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