Introduction to Physical Agents Flashcards

1
Q

What are physical agents?

A

energy and materials applied to the body

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2
Q

Type of energy

A

sound
electrical
heat

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3
Q

mode of energy application

A

ultrasound,NMES,hot pack, etc.

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4
Q

What do physical agents do?

A

modify tissue inflammation and healing
relieve pain
alter collagen extensibility
modify muscle tone/ contracting ability

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5
Q

Thermal Agents

A

deep-heating (ultrasound, diathermy)
superficial-heating (hot pack, paraffin)
superficial cooling (ice pack, ice massage)

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6
Q

Mechanical Agents

A

traction
compression (bandage, stockings)
water (whirlpool)
sound (ultrasound)

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7
Q

Electromagnetic

A
electromagnetic fields (UV, laser )
electrical currents (TENS, NMES, high volt, iontophoresis, EMG)
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8
Q

General Precaution/Contraindications

A

Pregnancy- could potentially hurt the fetus
Malignancy- could increase growth of metastasis
Decreased sensation/mentation- no report of feeling
pacemaker/.electronic devices- energy could reach

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9
Q

Which is the highest priority of choosing an agent?

A

First priority is to address the primary underlying problem or the problem most likely to respond to treatment

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10
Q

Which is the last priority for choosing an agent?

A

symptomatic treatment only

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11
Q

Treatments that address more than one problem simultaneously……

A

are considered second in priority level

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12
Q

Hierarchy of choosing a physical agent

A

goals and effects of treatment

contraindications and precautions

evidence for physical agent use

cost,convenience and availability

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13
Q

Three pillars of EBP

A

best available evidence
patient values
clinical experience

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14
Q

What are some cost effective uses of modalities?

A
  • asses and analyze presenting problem
  • know when agents can be effective for treatment
  • know when and how to use them most effectively
  • know the skill level required for application
  • use home programs when appropriate
  • treat in groups when appropriate
  • reassess patients regularly to determine efficacy
  • adjust plan of care according to reassessment
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15
Q

What is the most common symptom prompting patients to seek medical attention and rehab?

A

PAIN

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16
Q

Pain is…

A

an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage

17
Q

What is transient pain?

A

pain that goes away without treatment

It is brought on by activation of nocioceptive tissues in the body where there is no tissue damage

18
Q

What is acute pain?

A

pain brought on by tissue injury and activation of nocioceptors at the site of injury

19
Q

What is persistent pain?

A

pain that begins with injury or disease but is perpetuated by factors other then the initial cause of pain
there is an emotional component

20
Q

A Delta: primary afferent neuron

A

responds to intense mechanical stimulation and heat or cold
short duration, sharp, stabbing or pricking sensation
small and myelinated
makes up 20% of pain afferents
Not blocked by opiods

21
Q

C Afferent: primary afferent neuron

A

longer duration, dull throbbing, aching, burning, tingling, diffusely located
accompanied by sweating, increased HR, BP and nausea
small and UNmyelinated
makes up 80% of pain afferents
CAN be blocked by opiod medication

22
Q

A-beta: primary afferent neuron

A

non-painful sensation related to vibration, stretching and mechanical pressure

23
Q

What are nociceptors?

A

non-adaptive, specialized nerve endings that are sensitive to mechanical stress or trauma, extreme heat/cold or chemicals

24
Q

Neuropathic pain

A

burning or lancinating quality

usually accompanied by signs or symptoms of neurological dysfunction (parasthesia, itching, weakness)

25
What is radicular pain?
pain that travels along a nerve
26
What is referred pain?
pain that may be acute or chronic and is away from the origin/source of pain
27
What is the specificity theory of pain?
pain that is experienced as a result of the action of peripheral nerve fibers
28
What is the pattern theory of pain?
pain that can be experienced by the stimulation of any sensory receptor as long as stimulation is intense enough
29
What is the gate-control theory?
a-delta and c fibers transmit nociceptive signals to the the thalamus whereas A-alpha and A-beta (non-nocicpetive) fibers transmit signals that INHIBIT pain signals to the thalamus
30
Where does pain originate?
Pain is 100% from the BRAIN