Introduction to Phlebotomy Flashcards
is first used to cure diseases and maintain the body in a state of well-being
bloodletting
Hippocrates believed that disease was caused by an _________________________________, and that removal of the excess would cause the body to return to or maintain a healthy state.
excess of body fluids, including blood, bile, and phlegm
Techniques for bloodletting (earlier times) includes:
a. suction cup
b. worms called “leeches”
c. barber surgery
provide the personal and professional rules of performance moral behaviour as set by members of a profession
code of ethics
Patient’s Rights (DOH)
if any person cannot immediately be given treatment that is medically necessary he shall, either be directed to wait for care, or be referred elsewhere, where the appropriate care will be provided
Right to appropriate medical care and humane treatment
Patient’s Rights (DOH)
person who will perform the said procedure shall provide his name and credentials to the patient
Right to informed consent
Patient’s Rights (DOH)
the patient has the right to demand that all information, communication and records pertaining to his care be treated as confidential
Right to privacy and confidentiality
Patient’s Rights (DOH)
Right to be informed of the result of the evaluation of the nature and extent of his or her disease
Right to information
Patient’s Rights (DOH)
the patient has the right to avail himself/herself of any recommended diagnostic and treatment procedures
Right to self determination
Patient’s Rights (DOH)
the patient has the right to refuse medical treatment which may be contrary to his religious beliefs.
Right to religious belief
Patient’s Rights (DOH)
8th & 9th right
Right to medical records
Right to leave
Patient’s Rights (DOH)
that, an institutional review board or ethical review board in accordance with the guidelines set in the declaration of hensiki be established for research involving human experimentation
Right to refuse participation in medical research
Ethical and Legal Issues
- A wrongful act committed by one person against another that causes harm to the person or his or her property.
Tort
Tort
assault, battery, defamation
intentional tort
Tort
negligence, malpractice
unintentional tort
Ethical and Legal Issues •
-threat to touch another person without his or her consent and with the intention of causing fear of harm.
Assault
• actual harmful touching of a person without his or her consent.
Battery-
• -spoken or written words that can injure a person’s reputation.
e.g. -Releasing or are overheard saying any confidential information
Defamation
• Libel-false defamatory writing that is _________.
published
-false and malicious spoken word.
Slander
• -is the violation of the patient’s right to be left alone and the right to be free from unwanted exposure to public view.
e.g. -Unwanted releasing of confidential information is considered an invasion of privacy.
e.g. -Entering a patient’s room without asking permission
Invasion of Privacy
Ethical and Legal Issues •
misconduct or lack of skill by a health-care professional that results in injury to the patient.
Medical Malpractice-
- as failure to give reasonable care by the health-care provider, must be proven in a malpractice suit
Negligence
Ethical and Legal Issues
a. Nerve Injury
b. Hemorrhage:
-From accidental arterial puncture -From inadequate pressure to the vein
c. Drawing from inappropriate locations (ex. Same side as mastectomy)
d. Injuries occurring when a patient faints
e. Death of a Patient caused by misidentification of a patient or sample
In phlebotomy, be wary of the following that may cause the patient to file a case of malpractice/negligence against you
The clinical laboratory is divided into two areas,
Anatomical and Clinical
is responsible for the analysis of surgical specimens, frozen sections, biopsies, cytological specimens, and autopsies.
The Anatomical Area
– responds to telephone calls, handles specimen collection requests and handles some specimens.
Administrative Office
– collects samples from patients and processes samples for testing or transport.
Phlebotomy (Sample Collection)
Clinical Laboratory
ANATOMICAL
- cytologists (CTs) process and examine tissue and body fluids for the presence of abnormal cells, such as cancer cells. The Papanicolaou(Pap) smear is one of the most common tests performed in cytology.
Cytology Section
- histologytechnicians (HTs) and technologists(HTLs) process and stain tissue obtained from biopsies, surgery, autopsies, and frozen sections. A pathologist then examines the tissue.
Histology Section
- is the section in which chromosome studies are performed to detect genetic disorders. Blood, amniotic fluid, tissue, and bone marrow specimens are analyzed.
Cytogenetics
is divided into specialized sections: hematology, coagulation, chemistry, bloodbank (immunohematology), serology (immunology), microbiology, urinalysis, phlebotomy, and sample processing.
clinical area
blood, bone marrow, microbiology samples, urine, and other body fluids are analyzed.
clinical sections
- is the study of the formed (cellular) elements of the blood. In this section, the cellular elements, red blood cells(RBCs), white blood cells(WBCs), and platelets (Plts) are enumerated and classified in all body fluids and in the bone marrow.
Hematology
is sometimes a part of the hematology section, but in larger laboratories it is a separate section. In this area, the overall process of hemostasis is evaluated; this includes platelets, blood vessels, coagulation factors, fibrinolysis, inhibitors, and anticoagulant therapy (heparin and Coumadin).
coagulation laboratory
- Most automated area
- May perform electrophoresis, therapeutic drug monitoring and enzyme immunoassays to measure substances such as proteins, carbohydrates, enzymes and hormones and toxicology.
Clinical Chemistry Section
Clinical Laboratory
- Where blood may be collected, stored, and prepared for transfusion.
- Testing procedures involve RBC antigens (Ag) and antibodies (Ab).
- Blood from patients and donors is tested for its blood group (ABO) and Rh type. Also tests compatibility (crossmatch) between patient and donor
- Detect and identification of abnormal antibodies
Blood Bank Section
Clinical Laboratory
- Performs tests to evaluate the body’s immune response; that is, the production of antibodies (immunoglobulins) and cellular activation.
Immunology and Serology Section
Clinical Laboratory
- Responsible for the identification of pathogenic microorganisms and for hospital infection control. In large laboratories, the section may be divided into bacteriology, mycology, parasitology, and virology.
- Common Tests include Culture and Sensitivity and Gram Staining
Microbiology Section
Clinical Laboratory
-Routine screening procedure to detect disorders and infections of the kidney and to detect metabolic disorders.
-Consists of physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of the urine
Urinalysis Section
