introduction to pharmacology-pharmacodynamics

Question 1

what is pharmacology?

Answer 1

how chemical agent can affect the function of living system

Question 2

what is pharmacodynamics?

Answer 2

what the drug does to the body

Question 3

what is pharmacokinetics?

Answer 3

what the body does to the drug

Question 4

to produce an effect, the drug needs to bind to a specific target in the body. what are the vast majority of targets? how many classes of these targets are they? what are theses classes?

Answer 4

proteins
4 classes of target proteins:
-receptors
-enzymes
-ion channels
-carrier proteins

Question 5

drugs can have two effects. what are they?

Answer 5

enhance activation of a target or prevent activation of a target

Question 6

how can a drug be an effective therapeutic agents?

Answer 6

drugs must show a high degree of specificity for a drug target
BUT it is very difficult to design a drug that has complete specificity

Question 7

on what does the dose of the drug depend on?

Answer 7

it is related to the specificity of a drug

Question 8

what is a therapeutic window? by what is it quantified? what indication does it provide?

Answer 8

compares the dose of a drug that produces therapeutic effect with the dose of the drug that produces a toxic effect
it is quantified by the therapeutic index
provides an indication of the safety of a drug

Question 9

what is ED50? what is it used for?

Answer 9

effective dose to produce a specific therapeutic effect in 50% of the population
used to measure therapeutic effect

Question 10

what is TD50? what is it used for?

Answer 10

the dose required to produce a specific toxic effect in 50% of the population
used to measure the toxic effect

Question 11

how do we calculate the therapeutic index?

Answer 11

TD50/ED50

Question 12

what is the affinity of a drug?

Answer 12

strength of binding of the drug to the receptor

Question 13

what is efficacy?

Answer 13

the ability of an individual drug molecule to produce an effect once bound to a receptor

Question 14

what are receptor agonists?

Answer 14

endogenous chemicals

Question 15

what are exogenous agonists?

Answer 15

many drugs

they are chemicals used to try and mimic the effects of endogenous agonists

Question 16

what is one of the advantages of using exogenous agonists?

Answer 16

it can produce a higher effect when using a high dose than an endogenous agonists

Question 17

what is one of the disadvantages?

Answer 17

delivering It to its precise site is more difficult than with an endogenous agonist

Question 18

can some drugs be receptor antagonists?

Answer 18

yes, they block the effects of the endogenous agonists

Question 19

can antagonist have efficacy?

Answer 19

an antagonist must have ZERO efficacy

Question 20

what is a full agonist?

Answer 20

when a drug produces 100% of the maximum tissue response

Question 21

what do we call a drug that, when administered, the maximum tissue response is different than 100%?

Answer 21

partial agonist

Question 22

what are the similarities and differences between a competitive and irreversible antagonist?

Answer 22

both of them block
BUT
competitive –> short time
irreversible –> long time (possibly permanent)
competitive –> you can always recreate the level of response you want by adding more agonists

Question 23

what determines if a drug is more potent than an other?

Answer 23

the less drug you require to produce a certain effect the more potent the drug is

Question 24

what is used to compare potency?

Answer 24

ED50

Question 25

is efficacy more of less important than potency?

Answer 25

more

Question 26

what does a drug do when it acts on an enzyme?

Answer 26

it increases the production of an endogenous chemical

Question 27

what shift will occur on the log[dose] response curve when a full and partial agonist were administered at the same time?

Answer 27

right shift