Introduction to Pharmacology & Drug Therapy Flashcards
What are the sources of drugs?
Hint: SPAM MSG
S: Synthetic
P: Plants
A: Animals
M: Minerals
M: Microorganisms
S: Semisynthetic
G: Genetic Engineering
Examples of drugs from synthetic sources
Hint: Fake Headache
- aspirin
- paracetamol
Examples of drugs from plant sources
Hint: Pain killer
- alkaloids
: morphine
: atropine
: quinine
Examples of drugs from animal sources
Hint: HIT Dogs in Code 8
- insulin
- heparin
- thyroid
Examples of drugs from mineral sources
Hint: Iron & Magnesium
- ferrous sulphate
- magnesium sulphate
Examples of drugs from microorganism sources
Hint: oranges and throat infection
- penicillin
- streptomycin
Examples of drugs from semisynthetic sources
Hint: hydros
- hydromorphone
- hydrocodone
Examples of drugs from genetic engineering sources
Hint: hormones
- human insulin
- human growth hormone (GH)
- Hep B vaccine
Definition of Pharmacology
detailed study of drugs
Definition of Pharmacognosy
science of identification of drugs
Definition of Pharmacy
science of (IS PSC D) identification, selection, preservation, standardisation, compounding and dispensing of medical substances
Definition of Therapeutics
branch of medicine concerned with cure of disease or relief of symptoms
Definition of Toxicology
Science of poisons
Definition of Chemotherapy
Effects of drugs upon microorgansims and parasites, living and multiplying in a living organism
Definition of Pharmacopoeia
an official code containing a selected list of the established drugs and medicinal preparations with description of their physical properties and tests for their identity, purity and potency
Clinical Pharmacology
evaluates pharmacological action of drug’s preferred route of administration and safe dosage range in human by clinical trial
Medical Pharmacology
science of substances used to prevent, diagnose and treat diseases
Experimental Pharmacology
done in the laboratory on experimental animals such as rodents and non-rodents
What is a drug?
any substance that interacts with a molecule/protein that plays a regulatory role in living systems
What are drugs used for?
- modify physiological systems or pathological states for the benefit of the recipient
- prevent, diagnose or treat disease
What are Endogenous Substances? Example
- made inside the body
e. g. epinephrine (adrenaline)
What are Exogenous Substances? Example
- made outside the body
e. g. drug manufacturer can make epinephrine
What is a receptor?
specific molecule (usually protein) that interacts with a specific chemical, causing a change in that specific molecule -> causing a change in regulatory function
Definition of Affinity
the ability of a drug to form a drug-receptor complex
Definition of Intrinsic Activity
Hint: Gun Shot
ability of a drug to trigger the pharmacological response after making the drug-receptor complex
How do drugs interact with receptors?
Via chemical forces or bonds
covalent > ionic > hydrogen > hydrophobic > van der Waals
Definition of Agonist
drugs which have both high affinity & high intrinsic activity
- mimics the effects of a NT
Definition of Antagonist
drugs which have only high affinity but no intrinsic activity
- opposes the effects of a NT; blocks the binding site
Definition of Partial Agonist
drugs that bind to and activate a given receptor, but have only partial efficacy at the receptor (compared to full agonist)
Define Therapeutic Effect
The expected response of a medication (desired & intentional effect).
Define Side Effects. Example
- known and frequently experienced, expected reaction to a drug
- minor adverse affects
e.g. Amoxicillin- nausea, vomiting
Define Adverse Reaction. Example
- unexpected, unpredictable reactions
- not related to usual effects of a normal dose of the drug
e.g. paracetamol- liver toxicity
Define Allergic Reaction
body reacts towards drug and recognises it as a foreign body
Define Drug Interaction
takes place when one drug alters the action of another drug
What interactions with drugs would cause an effect?
: drug-drug
: drug-food
: drug-supplement
: drug-medical condition
Possible effects caused by drug interactions?
Hint: DIC
- decrease action of drug(s)
- increase action of drug(s)
- cause adverse effects
What are the common drug interaction effects?
Hint: A DAISI
A: additive effect
D: displacement effect A: antagonistic effect I: incompatibility effect S: synergistic effect I: interference