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HMS120: Pharmacology > Introduction to Pharmacology & Drug Therapy > Flashcards

Introduction to Pharmacology & Drug Therapy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the sources of drugs?

Hint: SPAM MSG

A

S: Synthetic
P: Plants
A: Animals
M: Minerals

M: Microorganisms
S: Semisynthetic
G: Genetic Engineering

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2
Q

Examples of drugs from synthetic sources

Hint: Fake Headache

A
  • aspirin

- paracetamol

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3
Q

Examples of drugs from plant sources

Hint: Pain killer

A
  • alkaloids
    : morphine
    : atropine
    : quinine
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4
Q

Examples of drugs from animal sources

Hint: HIT Dogs in Code 8

A
  • insulin
  • heparin
  • thyroid
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5
Q

Examples of drugs from mineral sources

Hint: Iron & Magnesium

A
  • ferrous sulphate

- magnesium sulphate

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6
Q

Examples of drugs from microorganism sources

Hint: oranges and throat infection

A
  • penicillin

- streptomycin

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7
Q

Examples of drugs from semisynthetic sources

Hint: hydros

A
  • hydromorphone

- hydrocodone

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8
Q

Examples of drugs from genetic engineering sources

Hint: hormones

A
  • human insulin
  • human growth hormone (GH)
  • Hep B vaccine
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9
Q

Definition of Pharmacology

A

detailed study of drugs

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10
Q

Definition of Pharmacognosy

A

science of identification of drugs

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11
Q

Definition of Pharmacy

A

science of (IS PSC D) identification, selection, preservation, standardisation, compounding and dispensing of medical substances

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12
Q

Definition of Therapeutics

A

branch of medicine concerned with cure of disease or relief of symptoms

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13
Q

Definition of Toxicology

A

Science of poisons

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14
Q

Definition of Chemotherapy

A

Effects of drugs upon microorgansims and parasites, living and multiplying in a living organism

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15
Q

Definition of Pharmacopoeia

A

an official code containing a selected list of the established drugs and medicinal preparations with description of their physical properties and tests for their identity, purity and potency

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16
Q

Clinical Pharmacology

A

evaluates pharmacological action of drug’s preferred route of administration and safe dosage range in human by clinical trial

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17
Q

Medical Pharmacology

A

science of substances used to prevent, diagnose and treat diseases

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18
Q

Experimental Pharmacology

A

done in the laboratory on experimental animals such as rodents and non-rodents

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19
Q

What is a drug?

A

any substance that interacts with a molecule/protein that plays a regulatory role in living systems

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20
Q

What are drugs used for?

A
  • modify physiological systems or pathological states for the benefit of the recipient
  • prevent, diagnose or treat disease
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21
Q

What are Endogenous Substances? Example

A
  • made inside the body

e. g. epinephrine (adrenaline)

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22
Q

What are Exogenous Substances? Example

A
  • made outside the body

e. g. drug manufacturer can make epinephrine

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23
Q

What is a receptor?

A

specific molecule (usually protein) that interacts with a specific chemical, causing a change in that specific molecule -> causing a change in regulatory function

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24
Q

Definition of Affinity

A

the ability of a drug to form a drug-receptor complex

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25
Q

Definition of Intrinsic Activity

Hint: Gun Shot

A

ability of a drug to trigger the pharmacological response after making the drug-receptor complex

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26
Q

How do drugs interact with receptors?

A

Via chemical forces or bonds

covalent > ionic > hydrogen > hydrophobic > van der Waals

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27
Q

Definition of Agonist

A

drugs which have both high affinity & high intrinsic activity

  • mimics the effects of a NT
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28
Q

Definition of Antagonist

A

drugs which have only high affinity but no intrinsic activity

  • opposes the effects of a NT; blocks the binding site
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29
Q

Definition of Partial Agonist

A

drugs that bind to and activate a given receptor, but have only partial efficacy at the receptor (compared to full agonist)

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30
Q

Define Therapeutic Effect

A

The expected response of a medication (desired & intentional effect).

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31
Q

Define Side Effects. Example

A
  • known and frequently experienced, expected reaction to a drug
  • minor adverse affects

e.g. Amoxicillin- nausea, vomiting

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32
Q

Define Adverse Reaction. Example

A
  • unexpected, unpredictable reactions
  • not related to usual effects of a normal dose of the drug

e.g. paracetamol- liver toxicity

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33
Q

Define Allergic Reaction

A

body reacts towards drug and recognises it as a foreign body

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34
Q

Define Drug Interaction

A

takes place when one drug alters the action of another drug

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35
Q

What interactions with drugs would cause an effect?

A

: drug-drug
: drug-food
: drug-supplement
: drug-medical condition

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36
Q

Possible effects caused by drug interactions?

Hint: DIC

A
  1. decrease action of drug(s)
  2. increase action of drug(s)
  3. cause adverse effects
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37
Q

What are the common drug interaction effects?

Hint: A DAISI

A

A: additive effect

D: displacement effect
A: antagonistic effect
I: incompatibility effect
S: synergistic effect
I: interference
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38
Q

Define the Additive Effect. Example

A
  • when 2 drugs are given together
  • effect is doubled

e.g. certain pain relievers (aspirin) and alcohol can cause stomach bleeding

39
Q

Define the Displacement Effect. Example

A
  • when 1 drug replaces another at the drug receptor site
  • increases effect of first drug

e.g. displacement of warfarin from protein binding by aspirin

40
Q

Define the Antagonistic Effect. Example

A
  • when 1 drug interferes with the action of another drug

e. g. protamine sulpha to counteract heparin activity

41
Q

Define the Incompatibility Effect. Example

A
  • when 2 drugs are mixed together in a syringe produce a chemical reaction
  • cannot be given

e.g. protamine sulfate & Vitamin K

42
Q

Define the Synergistic Effect. Example

A
  • when the effect of 2 drugs taken at the same time is greater than the sum of each drug given alone
    e. g. combing diuretics & adrenergic blockers to lower the BP
43
Q

Define Interference

A
  • when 1 drug promotes the rapid excretion of another

- reduces the activity of the first drug

44
Q

Drugs classified by chemical nature are divided into _______ & _______

A
  • inorganic drugs

- organic drugs

45
Q

Inorganic drug groups and examples

A
  1. metals and their salts (e.g. ferrous sulphate, zinc sulphate)
  2. non-metals (e.g. sulphur)
46
Q

Organic drug groups and examples

A
  1. alkaloids (e.g. atropine, morphine, strychnine, quinine)
  2. glycosides (e.g. digitoxin, digoxin)
  3. proteins (e.g. insulin, oxytocin)
  4. esters
  5. amides
  6. alcohol
  7. glycerides
47
Q

Drugs classified by chemical nature are discussed by ________.

48
Q

Drugs classified based on source are discussed by _________ and __________.

A
  • pharmacologists

- pharmacists

49
Q

Drug groups from natural sources and examples

A
  1. plants (e.g. morphine, atropine, digitoxin)
  2. animals (e.g. insulin)
  3. micro-organisms (e.g. penicillin)
  4. mineral (e.g. sodium chloride)
50
Q

Drugs from semi-synthetic sources examples

A
  • amoxycillin
  • ampicillin
  • doxycycline
51
Q

Drugs from synthetic sources examples

A
  • sulphonamide

- procaine

52
Q

Drugs from biosynthetic sources examples

A
  • recombinant human erythropoietin

- recombinant bovine somatotropin

53
Q

Drugs classified based on target organ are done by __________.

A
  • physicians
54
Q

Drugs that act on CNS examples

A
  • diazepam

- phenobarbitone

55
Q

Drugs that act on Respiratory System examples

A
  • bromhexine
56
Q

Drugs that act on Cardiovascular System examples

A
  • digitoxin

- digoxin

57
Q

Drugs that act on GIT examples

A
  • omezaprole
  • sulfadimidine
  • kaolin
58
Q

Drugs that act on Urinary System examples

A
  • magnesium sulfate

- lasix

59
Q

Drugs that act on Reproductive System

A
  • oxytocin

- estrogen

60
Q

Classifications based on mode of action are done by _________ & _________.

A
  • physicians

- pharmacologists

61
Q

Examples of mode of action classifications and drugs

A
  1. inhibitor of bacterial cell wall synthesis (e.g. penicillin)
  2. inhibitor of bacterial protein synthesis (e.g. tetracycline)
  3. calcium channel blocker (e.g. verapamil, nifedipine)
62
Q

What is classification based on mode of action?

A
  • refers to the way a drug works at the molecular, tissue and body system levels
  • specific biochemical reaction that occurs when you take the drug
63
Q

Drug classification with MoA: lowers plasma volume

64
Q

Drug classification with MoA: blocks heart calcium channels

A

calcium channel blocker

65
Q

Drug classification with MoA: blocks hormonal activity

A

ACE inhibitor (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor)

66
Q

Drug classification with MoA: blocks physiological reaction to stress

A

adrenergic antagonist

67
Q

Drug classification with MoA: dilates peripheral blood vessels

A

vasodilator

68
Q

Classification groups based on Therapeutic Use examples of drugs

Hint: the antis

A
  • antimicrobials/antibacterials (e.g. penicillin, streptomycin, quinolones)
  • antidepressants (e.g. amitriptyline)
  • antihypertensives (e.g. clonidine, hydralazine, enalapril)
  • anticoagulants/antiplatelets (e.g. aspirin)
  • antidiarrheals (e.g. loperamide, kaolin)
  • anti-diabetic drugs (e.g. insulin)
  • anticonvulsants
  • antimemetics (e.g. domperidone, meclizine, metoclopramide)
69
Q

What is Therapeutic Classification?

A
  • classification of drugs according to the type of conditions they are used to treat
  • have different MoA
70
Q

Common Antihypertensive Drugs

A
  • ACE inhibitors (-pril)
  • Beta-blockers (-olol)
  • Calcium channel blockers (-ipine)
71
Q

Anticoagulant drugs uses

A

prevent/reduce blood clotting

72
Q

Antihyperlipidemic drug uses

A

lowers blood cholesterol

73
Q

Antihypertensive drug uses

A

lower blood pressure

74
Q

Antidysrhythmic drug uses

A

restore normal cardiac rhythm

75
Q

Antianginal

A

treat angina

76
Q

Classification groups based on physiological system and drug examples

A
  • sympathomimetic (e.g. adrenaline, noradrenaline)
  • parasympathomimetic (e.g. carachol, pilocarpine, neostigmine)
  • neuromuscular blockers (e.g. suxamethonium, gallamine)
77
Q

Classification groups based on physical effects and drug examples

A
  • emollients (e.g. lanolin, vaseline)
  • caustics (e.g. silver nitrate)
  • demulcents (e.g. zinc oxide, tannic acid)
78
Q

What are the 3 basic types of drug names?

A
  • chemical name
  • generic name
  • trade name
79
Q

Define Chemical name of a drug

A
  • chemical formula of drug, showing structure
80
Q

Define Generic name of a drug

A
  • drugs in the same pharmacologic class (MoA) often have the same suffix
  • official medical name
81
Q

Define Trade name of a drug

A
  • brand name/proprietary name

- assigned by companies marketing the drug

82
Q

What are the classes of controlled drugs?

A
  • Schedule (Class) I
  • Schedule (Class) II
  • Schedule (Class) III
  • Schedule (Class) IV
  • Schedule (Class) V
83
Q

What are Schedule I drugs? Examples

A
  • high potential for addiction/abuse
  • might be allowed in some medical research but not for medicinal purposes

e.g.
heroin, LSD, cannabis, ecstacy

84
Q

What are Schedule II drugs? Examples

A
  • high potential for abuse
  • currently accepted medical use in treatment (severe restrictions)
  • abuse may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence

e.g.
morphine, opium, codeine, cocaine, oxycodone (oxycontin, percocet), methamphetamine

85
Q

What are Schedule III drugs? Examples

A
  • high potential for abuse (less than those in Schedule I and II)
  • currently accepted medical use in treatment
  • abuse may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence

e.g.
benzphetamine, anabolicsteroids

86
Q

What are Schedule IV drugs? Examples

A
  • low potential for abuse relative to those in Schedule III
  • currently accepted medical use in treatment
  • abuse may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence relative to schedule III drugs

e.g. alprazolam (xanax), lorazepam (ativan), diazepam (valium)

87
Q

What are Schedule V drugs? Examples

A
  • have low potential for abuse relative to those in schedule IV
  • currently accepted medical use in treatment
  • abuse may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence relative to schedule IV drug
  • includes primarily preparations containing limited quantities of certain narcotics

e.g. cough medicine

88
Q

What is Drug Dependence associated with?

A
  • drug tolerance
  • physical abstinence (withdrawal)
  • psychological dependence (cravings)
89
Q

What is drug tolerance?

A

decrease in pharmacological effect of drug

90
Q

What is physical abstinence?

A

withdrawal

91
Q

What is psychological dependence?

A
  • craving

- associated with the memory of the experience of the rewarding effect of the drug

92
Q

What are some effects of drug dependence?

A
  • injection site infections
  • poor dentition
  • respiratory problems
  • chronic pains
  • risk of abuse and STIs
  • impaired nutrition/ immunity
93
Q

What is drug dependence?

A

Human condition in which drug taking becomes compulsive, prioritized before other needs, often with serious adverse effects.

94
Q

Drugs are classified according to 7 classes. What are they?

A
  • Chemical nature
  • Source
  • Target organ / Site of action
  • Mode of action
  • Therapeutic uses
  • Physiological system
  • Physical effects

HMS120: Pharmacology (13 decks)

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