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HMS120: Pharmacology > Introduction to Pharmacology & Drug Therapy > Flashcards

Introduction to Pharmacology & Drug Therapy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the sources of drugs?

Hint: SPAM MSG

A

S: Synthetic
P: Plants
A: Animals
M: Minerals

M: Microorganisms
S: Semisynthetic
G: Genetic Engineering

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2
Q

Examples of drugs from synthetic sources

Hint: Fake Headache

A
  • aspirin

- paracetamol

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3
Q

Examples of drugs from plant sources

Hint: Pain killer

A
  • alkaloids
    : morphine
    : atropine
    : quinine
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4
Q

Examples of drugs from animal sources

Hint: HIT Dogs in Code 8

A
  • insulin
  • heparin
  • thyroid
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5
Q

Examples of drugs from mineral sources

Hint: Iron & Magnesium

A
  • ferrous sulphate

- magnesium sulphate

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6
Q

Examples of drugs from microorganism sources

Hint: oranges and throat infection

A
  • penicillin

- streptomycin

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7
Q

Examples of drugs from semisynthetic sources

Hint: hydros

A
  • hydromorphone

- hydrocodone

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8
Q

Examples of drugs from genetic engineering sources

Hint: hormones

A
  • human insulin
  • human growth hormone (GH)
  • Hep B vaccine
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9
Q

Definition of Pharmacology

A

detailed study of drugs

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10
Q

Definition of Pharmacognosy

A

science of identification of drugs

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11
Q

Definition of Pharmacy

A

science of (IS PSC D) identification, selection, preservation, standardisation, compounding and dispensing of medical substances

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12
Q

Definition of Therapeutics

A

branch of medicine concerned with cure of disease or relief of symptoms

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13
Q

Definition of Toxicology

A

Science of poisons

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14
Q

Definition of Chemotherapy

A

Effects of drugs upon microorgansims and parasites, living and multiplying in a living organism

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15
Q

Definition of Pharmacopoeia

A

an official code containing a selected list of the established drugs and medicinal preparations with description of their physical properties and tests for their identity, purity and potency

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16
Q

Clinical Pharmacology

A

evaluates pharmacological action of drug’s preferred route of administration and safe dosage range in human by clinical trial

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17
Q

Medical Pharmacology

A

science of substances used to prevent, diagnose and treat diseases

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18
Q

Experimental Pharmacology

A

done in the laboratory on experimental animals such as rodents and non-rodents

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19
Q

What is a drug?

A

any substance that interacts with a molecule/protein that plays a regulatory role in living systems

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20
Q

What are drugs used for?

A
  • modify physiological systems or pathological states for the benefit of the recipient
  • prevent, diagnose or treat disease
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21
Q

What are Endogenous Substances? Example

A
  • made inside the body

e. g. epinephrine (adrenaline)

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22
Q

What are Exogenous Substances? Example

A
  • made outside the body

e. g. drug manufacturer can make epinephrine

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23
Q

What is a receptor?

A

specific molecule (usually protein) that interacts with a specific chemical, causing a change in that specific molecule -> causing a change in regulatory function

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24
Q

Definition of Affinity

A

the ability of a drug to form a drug-receptor complex

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25
Definition of Intrinsic Activity Hint: Gun Shot
ability of a drug to trigger the pharmacological response after making the drug-receptor complex
26
How do drugs interact with receptors?
Via chemical forces or bonds covalent > ionic > hydrogen > hydrophobic > van der Waals
27
Definition of Agonist
drugs which have both high affinity & high intrinsic activity - mimics the effects of a NT
28
Definition of Antagonist
drugs which have only high affinity but no intrinsic activity - opposes the effects of a NT; blocks the binding site
29
Definition of Partial Agonist
drugs that bind to and activate a given receptor, but have only partial efficacy at the receptor (compared to full agonist)
30
Define Therapeutic Effect
The expected response of a medication (desired & intentional effect).
31
Define Side Effects. Example
- known and frequently experienced, expected reaction to a drug - minor adverse affects e.g. Amoxicillin- nausea, vomiting
32
Define Adverse Reaction. Example
- unexpected, unpredictable reactions - not related to usual effects of a normal dose of the drug e.g. paracetamol- liver toxicity
33
Define Allergic Reaction
body reacts towards drug and recognises it as a foreign body
34
Define Drug Interaction
takes place when one drug alters the action of another drug
35
What interactions with drugs would cause an effect?
: drug-drug : drug-food : drug-supplement : drug-medical condition
36
Possible effects caused by drug interactions? Hint: DIC
1. decrease action of drug(s) 2. increase action of drug(s) 3. cause adverse effects
37
What are the common drug interaction effects? Hint: A DAISI
A: additive effect ``` D: displacement effect A: antagonistic effect I: incompatibility effect S: synergistic effect I: interference ```
38
Define the Additive Effect. Example
- when 2 drugs are given together - effect is doubled e.g. certain pain relievers (aspirin) and alcohol can cause stomach bleeding
39
Define the Displacement Effect. Example
- when 1 drug replaces another at the drug receptor site - increases effect of first drug e.g. displacement of warfarin from protein binding by aspirin
40
Define the Antagonistic Effect. Example
- when 1 drug interferes with the action of another drug | e. g. protamine sulpha to counteract heparin activity
41
Define the Incompatibility Effect. Example
- when 2 drugs are mixed together in a syringe produce a chemical reaction - cannot be given e.g. protamine sulfate & Vitamin K
42
Define the Synergistic Effect. Example
- when the effect of 2 drugs taken at the same time is greater than the sum of each drug given alone e. g. combing diuretics & adrenergic blockers to lower the BP
43
Define Interference
- when 1 drug promotes the rapid excretion of another | - reduces the activity of the first drug
44
Drugs classified by chemical nature are divided into _______ & _______
- inorganic drugs | - organic drugs
45
Inorganic drug groups and examples
1. metals and their salts (e.g. ferrous sulphate, zinc sulphate) 2. non-metals (e.g. sulphur)
46
Organic drug groups and examples
1. alkaloids (e.g. atropine, morphine, strychnine, quinine) 2. glycosides (e.g. digitoxin, digoxin) 3. proteins (e.g. insulin, oxytocin) 4. esters 5. amides 6. alcohol 7. glycerides
47
Drugs classified by chemical nature are discussed by ________.
chemists
48
Drugs classified based on source are discussed by _________ and __________.
- pharmacologists | - pharmacists
49
Drug groups from natural sources and examples
1. plants (e.g. morphine, atropine, digitoxin) 2. animals (e.g. insulin) 3. micro-organisms (e.g. penicillin) 4. mineral (e.g. sodium chloride)
50
Drugs from semi-synthetic sources examples
- amoxycillin - ampicillin - doxycycline
51
Drugs from synthetic sources examples
- sulphonamide | - procaine
52
Drugs from biosynthetic sources examples
- recombinant human erythropoietin | - recombinant bovine somatotropin
53
Drugs classified based on target organ are done by __________.
- physicians
54
Drugs that act on CNS examples
- diazepam | - phenobarbitone
55
Drugs that act on Respiratory System examples
- bromhexine
56
Drugs that act on Cardiovascular System examples
- digitoxin | - digoxin
57
Drugs that act on GIT examples
- omezaprole - sulfadimidine - kaolin
58
Drugs that act on Urinary System examples
- magnesium sulfate | - lasix
59
Drugs that act on Reproductive System
- oxytocin | - estrogen
60
Classifications based on mode of action are done by _________ & _________.
- physicians | - pharmacologists
61
Examples of mode of action classifications and drugs
1. inhibitor of bacterial cell wall synthesis (e.g. penicillin) 2. inhibitor of bacterial protein synthesis (e.g. tetracycline) 3. calcium channel blocker (e.g. verapamil, nifedipine)
62
What is classification based on mode of action?
- refers to the way a drug works at the molecular, tissue and body system levels - specific biochemical reaction that occurs when you take the drug
63
Drug classification with MoA: lowers plasma volume
diuretic
64
Drug classification with MoA: blocks heart calcium channels
calcium channel blocker
65
Drug classification with MoA: blocks hormonal activity
ACE inhibitor (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor)
66
Drug classification with MoA: blocks physiological reaction to stress
adrenergic antagonist
67
Drug classification with MoA: dilates peripheral blood vessels
vasodilator
68
Classification groups based on Therapeutic Use examples of drugs Hint: the antis
- antimicrobials/antibacterials (e.g. penicillin, streptomycin, quinolones) - antidepressants (e.g. amitriptyline) - antihypertensives (e.g. clonidine, hydralazine, enalapril) - anticoagulants/antiplatelets (e.g. aspirin) - antidiarrheals (e.g. loperamide, kaolin) - anti-diabetic drugs (e.g. insulin) - anticonvulsants - antimemetics (e.g. domperidone, meclizine, metoclopramide)
69
What is Therapeutic Classification?
- classification of drugs according to the type of conditions they are used to treat - have different MoA
70
Common Antihypertensive Drugs
- ACE inhibitors (-pril) - Beta-blockers (-olol) - Calcium channel blockers (-ipine)
71
Anticoagulant drugs uses
prevent/reduce blood clotting
72
Antihyperlipidemic drug uses
lowers blood cholesterol
73
Antihypertensive drug uses
lower blood pressure
74
Antidysrhythmic drug uses
restore normal cardiac rhythm
75
Antianginal
treat angina
76
Classification groups based on physiological system and drug examples
- sympathomimetic (e.g. adrenaline, noradrenaline) - parasympathomimetic (e.g. carachol, pilocarpine, neostigmine) - neuromuscular blockers (e.g. suxamethonium, gallamine)
77
Classification groups based on physical effects and drug examples
- emollients (e.g. lanolin, vaseline) - caustics (e.g. silver nitrate) - demulcents (e.g. zinc oxide, tannic acid)
78
What are the 3 basic types of drug names?
- chemical name - generic name - trade name
79
Define Chemical name of a drug
- chemical formula of drug, showing structure
80
Define Generic name of a drug
- drugs in the same pharmacologic class (MoA) often have the same suffix - official medical name
81
Define Trade name of a drug
- brand name/proprietary name | - assigned by companies marketing the drug
82
What are the classes of controlled drugs?
- Schedule (Class) I - Schedule (Class) II - Schedule (Class) III - Schedule (Class) IV - Schedule (Class) V
83
What are Schedule I drugs? Examples
- high potential for addiction/abuse - might be allowed in some medical research but not for medicinal purposes e.g. heroin, LSD, cannabis, ecstacy
84
What are Schedule II drugs? Examples
- high potential for abuse - currently accepted medical use in treatment (severe restrictions) - abuse may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence e.g. morphine, opium, codeine, cocaine, oxycodone (oxycontin, percocet), methamphetamine
85
What are Schedule III drugs? Examples
- high potential for abuse (less than those in Schedule I and II) - currently accepted medical use in treatment - abuse may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence e.g. benzphetamine, anabolicsteroids
86
What are Schedule IV drugs? Examples
- low potential for abuse relative to those in Schedule III - currently accepted medical use in treatment - abuse may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence relative to schedule III drugs e.g. alprazolam (xanax), lorazepam (ativan), diazepam (valium)
87
What are Schedule V drugs? Examples
- have low potential for abuse relative to those in schedule IV - currently accepted medical use in treatment - abuse may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence relative to schedule IV drug - includes primarily preparations containing limited quantities of certain narcotics e.g. cough medicine
88
What is Drug Dependence associated with?
- drug tolerance - physical abstinence (withdrawal) - psychological dependence (cravings)
89
What is drug tolerance?
decrease in pharmacological effect of drug
90
What is physical abstinence?
withdrawal
91
What is psychological dependence?
- craving | - associated with the memory of the experience of the rewarding effect of the drug
92
What are some effects of drug dependence?
- injection site infections - poor dentition - respiratory problems - chronic pains - risk of abuse and STIs - impaired nutrition/ immunity
93
What is drug dependence?
Human condition in which drug taking becomes compulsive, prioritized before other needs, often with serious adverse effects.
94
Drugs are classified according to 7 classes. What are they?
- Chemical nature - Source - Target organ / Site of action - Mode of action - Therapeutic uses - Physiological system - Physical effects

HMS120: Pharmacology (13 decks)

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