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HMS120: Pharmacology > Adverse Reactions > Flashcards

Adverse Reactions Flashcards

1
Q

Define Adverse drug reaction (ADR)

A
  • Any harmful change which is suspected to be due to a drug (administered at normal dose)
  • requires treatment, decrease in dose, or indicates caution for future use of the same drug
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2
Q

Define Adverse drug event (ADE)

A

Unexpected medical occurrence resulting from medical intervention related to a drug.

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3
Q

What are the common causes of ADRs?

Hint: Adverse reaction gOT (COT) me FAT

A

C - combining medication with alcohol.
O - overdosing
T - taking other drugs or preparations that interact with the medication.
F - failure to take correct doses at the correct time.
A - allergies to chemical components of the medication.
T - taking a medication that was prescribed for someone else.

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4
Q

Patient-related factors affecting ADRs

Hint: TAP that Patient

A

T - total number of medications.
A - age (children, elderly, pregnancy, breast feeding)
P - previous adverse reactions.

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5
Q

Drug-related factors affecting ADRs

Hint: DIP the Drug

A

D - dose
I - inherent toxicity of the agent
P -pharmacodynamic /pharmacokinetic properties

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6
Q

Classification of ADRs depending on ONSET OF EVENT

A
  • Acute = < 60 mins
  • Sub-acute = 1 - 24 hrs
  • Latent = > 2 days
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7
Q

Classification of ADRs depending on SEVERITY (4)

A
  • Minor ADRs
  • Moderate ADRs
  • Severe ADRs
  • Lethal ADRs
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8
Q

Explain MINOR ADRs (severity)

A

No therapy, antidote or prolongation of hospitalization is required.

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9
Q

Explain MODERATE ADRs (severity)

A

Requires change in drug therapy, specific treatment or prolongs hospital stay by at least 1 day.

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10
Q

Explain SEVERE ADRs (severity)

A

Potentially life threatening, causes permanent damage or requires intensive medical treatment.

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11
Q

Explain LETHAL ADRs (severity)

A

Directly or indirectly contributes to death of the patient.

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12
Q

Classification of ADRs depending on TYPE OF REACTION

Hint: Alphabet = ABCDEF

A
  • Type A = Augmented
  • Type B = Bizarre
  • Type C = Chronic / Chemical
  • Type D = Delayed
  • Type E = Exit / End of treatment
  • Type F - Failure of therapy
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13
Q

Discuss Type A (Augmented) reactions

A
  • Adverse reactions known to occur from the pharmacology of the drug, and are dose-related.
  • Hardly fatal and relatively common.
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14
Q

Give examples of Type A (Augmented) reactions.

A
  • Hypoglycemia due to insulin injection.

- Hemorrhage due to anticoagulants.

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15
Q

Discuss Type B (Bizarre) reactions

A
  • Adverse reactions that occur unpredictably.
  • Often have a high rate of morbidity and mortality.
  • Uncommon
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16
Q

Give examples of Type B (Bizarre) reactions.

A
  • Anaphylaxis due to penicillin.

- Skin rashes due to antibiotics.

17
Q

Discuss Type C (Chronic/Chemical) reactions

A

Adverse reactions that only occur during prolonged treatment and not with single doses.

18
Q

Give examples of Type C (Chronic/Chemical) reactions.

A
  • Dyskinesia (uncontrolled, involuntary movement) caused by Levodopa use in treatment of Parkinson’s disease.
  • Colonic dysfunction due to laxatives.
19
Q

Discuss Type D (Delayed) reactions

A
  • Adverse reactions that occur remote from treatment.

- either in the children of treated patients, or in patients themselves years after treatment.

20
Q

Give examples for Type D (Delayed) reactions.

A
  • Carcinogenesis = short-term exposure at a critical time.

- Teratogenesis = process by which congenital malformations are produced in an embryo or fetus.

21
Q

Discuss Type E (Exit/End of treatment) reactions.

A
  • Adverse reactions that occur when a drug is stopped, especially when it is stopped suddenly
  • withdrawal reactions
22
Q

Give examples for Type E (Exit/End of treatment) reactions.

A
  • Phenytoin withdrawal causes seizures.

- Steroid withdrawal causes acute adrenal insufficiency.

23
Q

Discuss Type F (Failure of therapy) reactions.

A

Adverse reactions that occur when drug undesirably increases or decreases in efficacy

24
Q

Give examples of Type F (Failure of therapy) reactions.

A
  • Decreased clearance of a drug by dialysis

- Decreased effect of antibiotics due to resistance.

25
Q

Define side effects of drug

A

Unwanted but often unavoidable effects that occur at therapeutic dose.

-

26
Q

Give examples of side effects of drugs

A
  • Atropine = dryness of mouth.

- Codeine = constipation

27
Q

Toxic effects can be _____ or _____

A

Predictable or Unpredictable

28
Q

Define Predictable toxic effects

A

Dose dependent adverse effects that are known by pharmacologists.

HMS120: Pharmacology (13 decks)

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