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Pharmacology > Introduction to Pharmacology > Flashcards

Introduction to Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Define a drug

A

An external substance that acts on living tissue to produce a change in function of that tissue

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2
Q

List drugs used in dentistry (4)

A
  1. LA
  2. Antimicrobials
  3. Anxiolytics
  4. Analgesics
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3
Q

Function of LA

A

Prevent pain

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4
Q

Function of antimicrobials

A

Treat and prevent infections

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5
Q

Function of anxiolytics

A

Reduce anxiety

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6
Q

Function of analgesics

A

Reduce postoperative pain

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7
Q

Functions of drugs (3)

A
  1. Stimulate normal body communications
  2. Interrupt normal body communications
  3. Act on non-host organisms to aid body defences
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8
Q

The difference between hormone and neural messages (2)

A

HORMONE
- General info to all tissues

NEURAL
- Targeted information for specific tissues

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9
Q

List examples of hormones (4)

A
  1. Thyroid hormones
  2. Insulin
  3. Cortisol
  4. Sex hormones
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10
Q

Function of thyroid hormones

A

Balance the body metabolism
Hyperthyroidism - too much
Hypothyroidism - too little

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11
Q

Symptoms of hypothyroidism (4)

A

Cold intolerant
Slow mentation
Hair loss
Slow pulse + low BP

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12
Q

Function of a thyroxine tablet

A

Replace the missing T3 and T4

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13
Q

Where does the thyroxine tablet act

A

Directly on the tissues - no direct effect on the thyroid gland

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14
Q

What are the 2 modes of nerve communication?

A

ANS:

  • Sympathetic
  • Adrenaline

Parasympathetic:
- Acetylcholine

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15
Q

What are the 2 ways HR is controlled?

A
  1. Sympathetic
    - Adrenergic stimulation
  2. Parasympathetic
    - Cholinergic stimulation
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16
Q

How does adrenergic stimulation control the HR?

A

Speeds up the heart via beta-receptors

17
Q

How does cholinergic stimulation control the HR?

A

Slows the heart via cholinergic receptors

18
Q

How can dry mouth be caused by acetylcholine blockers

A

ACh blocker prevents the parasympathetic nervous system from producing saliva

19
Q

List examples of Autonomic drugs (4)

A
  1. Adrenaline (beta-agonist)
  2. Atenolol (beta-blocker)
  3. Pilocarpine (cholinergic agonist)
  4. Atropine (cholinergic blocker)
20
Q

List ways drugs interact with tissues (3)

A
  1. Receptors
  2. Enzymes
  3. Ion channels
21
Q

List examples that receptors are coupled with to enhance their response (4)

A

Coupled to:

  1. Ion Channels
  2. G-Proteins
  3. Enzymes
  4. Gene transcription
22
Q

What component make up the drug-receptor interactions? (2)

A
  1. Drug receptor interactions

2. Drug induced response

23
Q

What do the drug-receptor interactions depend on? (2)

A
  1. Affinity (attraction)

2. Occupancy (how much time it takes to bind)

24
Q

What does the drug induced response depend on?

A

Efficacy (how much of a response it produces)

25
Q

Define a partial agonist

A

Agonist that produces less than 100% of a response

So more difficult to produce the drug/receptor effect than with an agonist

26
Q

How can the efficacy of a partial agonist be improved?

A

Increase partial agonist concentration

27
Q

State the 2 types of antagonists

A
  1. Competitive

2. Non-competitive

28
Q

What does a competitive antagonist result in?

29
Q

What does a non-competitive antagonist result in?

A

Partial signal

30
Q

Function + example of an irreversible antagonist

A

Binds and reduces available receptors for the agonist

Phenoxybenzamine (A1 blocker)

31
Q

How can the effects of a reversible antagonist be overcome?

A

Increasing the concentration of the agonist

32
Q

List some effects of enzymes (3)

A
  1. Substrate antagonism
  2. Reversible enzyme modification
  3. Irreversible modification
33
Q

Function of ion channels

A

Disrupt cell ion balance

34
Q

List some effects of ion channels

A
  1. Electrical Activity

2. Ion influx

35
Q

List examples of ion channels (2)

A
  1. LA

2. Anti-diabetic drugs

36
Q

How does a local anaesthetic affect the nervous system? (2)

A
  • Changes Na+ and K+ flow to stop patient noticing pain

- Blocks somatic nerve but not autonomic (alters sympathetic NS so changes HR)

37
Q

What factors affect efficacy of a drug? (2)

A

Occupancy

Affinity

Pharmacology (3 decks)

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