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Pharmacology > Drug Use in Dentistry > Flashcards

Drug Use in Dentistry Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

State hazards of drug use (2)

A
  1. Death

2. Drug interactions

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2
Q

What could cause death in relation to drug use?

A
  1. Allergy to drug

2. Toxicity to drug

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3
Q

Give an example of a hazardous drug interaction (2)

A

If the drug effects absorption/metabolism of other essential medicines

  1. Warfarin (anticoagulant)
  2. Carbamazepine (anticonvulsant)
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4
Q

List drug classes (5)

A
  1. LA
  2. Antimicrobials
  3. Drugs in pain and inflammation
  4. Drugs used in sedation
  5. Emergency medical drugs
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5
Q

How do LA’s function?

A

Act on nerve ion channels to block propagation

- Used to reduce awareness of pain

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6
Q

List examples of LA’s (4)

A
  1. Lidocaine
  2. Prilocaine
  3. Bupivicaine
  4. Mepivicaine
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7
Q

What does bupivicaine often require?

A

VASOCONSTRICTOR

- prolongs duration of LA action (more time to work)

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8
Q

What are LA’s sensitive to in tissues?

A

pH

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9
Q

List the different forms of antimicrobials (3)

A
  1. Antibiotics (bacteria)
  2. Antiviral
  3. Antifungals
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10
Q

List examples of commonly prescribed antibiotics

A
  1. Amoxycillin
  2. Metronidazole
  3. Doxicycline
  4. Clindamycin
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11
Q

Example of an antiviral drug

A

Aciclovir

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12
Q

How is aciclovir taken?

A

Systemic or topical use

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13
Q

Examples of anti fungal drugs (2)

A

Nystatin

Fluonazole

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14
Q

How is nystatin taken?

A

Topical

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15
Q

How is fluconazole taken?

A

Systemic - oral

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16
Q

Define analgesics

A

Drugs used to relieve pain

reduce the inflammatory mediators

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17
Q

List examples of analgesics (3)

A
  1. NSAIDs
  2. Paracetamol
  3. Codiene
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18
Q

What are the 2 types of drugs used in pain and inflammation

A
  1. Drugs used to reduce the inflammatory mediators
    - NSAIDs
  2. Drugs used to reduce the inflammation process
    - Corticosteroids
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19
Q

State an example of a drug used to reduce the inflammation process

A

Corticosteroids

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20
Q

Describe the type of drug paracetamol is (4)

A
  • Anti-pyretic
  • Analgesic
  • Little anti-inflammatory action
  • Few side effects
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21
Q

Dosage of paracetamol

A

1g 4x times daily

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22
Q

What is paracetamol often combined with?

A

Co-codamol (paracetamol and codeine)

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23
Q

List examples of NSAID’s (3)

A
  1. Salicylates
  2. Propionic acid derivatives
  3. Phenylacetic acid derivatives
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24
Q

Give an example of a salicylate

A

Aspirin

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25
Give an example of a propionic acid derivative
Ibuprofen
26
Give an example of a phenylacetic acid derivative
Diclofenac
27
Function of NSAIDs
Inhibit prostaglandin synthesis 1. Change the balance of PGE1 and PGE2 2. Cox enzyme inhibition - COX 1 inhibitors - COX 2 inhibitors
28
What kind of effect is changing the balance of PGE1 and PGE2
Anti-inflammatory
29
How does COX inhibition result in reduced inflammation
Inhibits prostaglandin and thromboxane synthesis
30
What is arachidonic acid?
Fatty acid involved in inflammation
31
Dosage of aspirin
300-600mg up to 4x daily
32
What are the pharmacokinetics of aspirin and ibuprofen? (2)
- Rapid absorption from GIT | - Elimination by 1st order kinetic
33
What could affect the elimination by 1st order kinetics of aspirin? (2)
1. Overdose (enzyme saturation) | 2. Toxic effects (acidosis)
34
What does aspirin/ibuprofen inhibit?
COX 1
35
List the effects of aspirin/ibuprofen inhibiting COX 1 (3)
1. Reduced synthesis of prostaglandins 2. Reduced production of inflammatory mediators 3. Anti-pyrexic
36
List side effects of aspirin
1. Gastric irritation - Erosions - Ulcers 2. Inhibition of platelet function - Enhanced bleeding 3. Bronchospasm - Exacerbate asthma 4. Allergic reactions - Rash 5. Drug interactions - Significant protein binding (warfarin potentiation)
37
How do the side effects of ibuprofen relate to aspirin?
Same effects but less problematic
38
Dosage of ibuprofen
200-600mg 3x daily
39
Compare diclofenac to ibuprofen
- Only available on prescription - More potent than ibuprofen 1. Higher incidence of gastric bleeding 2. Higher incidence of asthma triggering 3. Allergic reactions (rash)
40
Dosage of diclofenac
50mg 3x daily
41
How do corticosteroids reduce inflammation? (4)
1. Capillary permeability 2. Formation of bradykinin 3. Migration of WBCs 4. Reduce eicosanoid synthesis
42
Define topical use of a drug
On the surface of the desired tissue
43
Define systemic use of a drug
Given to the whole organism
44
Examples of topical drugs (3)
1. Steroid inhalers in asthma 2. Hydrocortisone cream (eczema) 3. Steroid tx's for mouth ulcers
45
Examples of systemic drugs (2)
1. Prednisolone tablets | 2. Dexamethasone injections
46
Functions of prednisolone tablets (2)
1. Prevent transplant rejection | 2. Treat immunological diseases
47
Functions of dexamethasone injections
To reduce swelling after injury | - Wisdom teeth removal
48
Side effects of systemic steroids (7)
1. High BP 2. Weight gain 3. Fat distribution change 4. Gastric ulceration 5. Adrenal suppression 6. Osteoporosis 7. Diabetes
49
Examples of fat distribution changes due to systemic steroids (2)
Centripital obesity | Buffalo hump
50
State the drugs class used in sedation
Anxiolytics - reduce anxiety
51
List examples of anxiolytics (2)
1. Benzodiazepines | 2. Nitrous oxide - inhaled as gas
52
Examples of benzodiazepines (2)
1. Diazepam | 2. Midazolam
53
How does benzodiazepine work?
Enhances neurotransmitter GABA at GABA A receptor to work as a sedative
54
Give examples of benzodiazepines that work by phase 1 metabolism (3)
1. Diazepam 2. Chlordiazopexide 3. Clobazam
55
Give examples of benzodiazepines that work by phase 2 metabolism (3)
1. Iorazepam 2. Oxazepam 3. Temezepam
56
List advantages of using nitrous oxide as a sedative (2)
1. Amount of effect can be adjusted during procedure | 2. No organ metabolism issues - excreted unchanged as a gas
57
Name a disadvantage of using nitrous oxide as a sedative
Interferes with folic acid metabolism - so avoid in pregnancy
58
State when Medical Emergency Drugs would be used (4)
1. Asthma 2. Heart attacks 3. Diabetic emergencies 4. Seizures
59
List mediators of inflammation (2)
1. Histamine | 2. Kinin
60
Dosage of prednisolone
1-100mg per day | Varies with desired levels of immune suppression

Pharmacology (3 decks)

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