Introduction to pharmacology Flashcards
What is pharmacology?
A) The study of diseases and their treatments
B) The process of diagnosing diseases
C) The science of drugs and their effects on living organisms
D) The study of surgical techniques
C
What is the main difference between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics?
A) Pharmacokinetics describes what the drug does to the body, while pharmacodynamics describes how the body processes the drug
B) Pharmacokinetics involves drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, while pharmacodynamics refers to the drug’s effects on the body
C) Pharmacokinetics is only concerned with drug elimination, while pharmacodynamics includes all drug interactions
D) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are interchangeable terms
B
Which of the following is NOT one of the four goals of pharmacology?
A) Studying the history of medicine
B) Studying the history of medicine
C) Recognizing proper administration techniques
D) Gaining knowledge of various drug types
A
Which of the following is an example of an unwanted effect of a drug?
A) Therapeutic effect
B) Adverse reaction
C) Drug metabolism
D) Synergistic effect
B
What is the meaning of teratogenic effects?
A) Harmful effects on the liver
B) Effects that cause developmental defects in a fetus
C) Effects that improve drug absorption
D) Rapid metabolism of a drug
B
Which of the following is a type of drug interaction where two drugs enhance each other’s effects?
A) Antagonism
B) Neutralization
C) Inhibition
D) Synergism
D
Which drug source is derived from microorganisms?
A) Digitalis
B) Penicillin
C) Atropine
D) Morphine
B
Which of the following is an example of an iatrogenic effect?
A) An allergic reaction
B) A side effect from a drug overdose
C) A drug-induced complication caused by medical treatment
D) A genetic predisposition to a drug reaction
C
What is an antidote?
A) A substance that neutralizes or counteracts the effects of a poison
B) A drug that enhances the action of another drug
C) A medication used for pain relief
D) A substance that prolongs drug metabolism
A
Which of the following is an example of a physical or mechanical drug action?
A) Laxatives
B) Antibiotics
C) Antihistamines
D) Chemotherapeutic agents
A
What does pharmacokinetics study?
A) Drug interactions
B) How the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and excretes drugs
C) The classification of drugs
D) The toxic effects of drugs
B
Which of the following is an example of a synthetic drug?
A) Morphine
B) Penicillin
C) Insulin
D) Chemotherapeutic agents
D
What does the term “half-life” of a drug refer to?
A) The time it takes for the drug to be completely eliminated from the body
B) The time required for the drug concentration in the body to be reduced by 50%
C) The time it takes for the drug to reach its peak effect
D) The time between doses of a drug
B
What is the mechanism of action of an antihistamine?
A) It blocks the effects of histamine in tissues
B) It stimulates histamine release
C) It binds to bacterial proteins
D) It increases white blood cell production
A
What is the primary goal of pharmacology?
A) To study disease progression
B) To understand drugs and their effects on the body
C) To classify different types of infections
D) To analyze genetic variations in patients
B
Which of the following is an example of a natural drug source?
A) Aspirin
B) Chemotherapeutic agents
C) Digitalis
D) Ibuprofen
C
Which term describes the highest amount of a drug that can be safely administered?
A) Minimum effective dose
B) Toxic dose
C) Lethal dose
D) Maximum safe dose
D
Which route of drug administration provides the fastest effect?
A) Oral
B) Intravenous
C) Subcutaneous
D) Topical
B
Which type of drug interaction decreases the effect of a drug when combined with another substance?
A) Synergism
B) Antagonism
C) Potentiation
D) Neutralization
B
Which of the following drug reactions requires immediate medical attention?
A) Mild nausea
B) Increased appetite
C) Slight dizziness
D) Rash due to an allergic reaction
D
What is the purpose of a loading dose?
A) To achieve therapeutic levels quickly
B) To determine a drug’s half-life
C) To test for allergic reactions
D) To prevent side effects
A
What is the significance of a drug’s therapeutic index (TI)?
A) It determines drug absorption rate
B) It measures the safety margin of a drug
C) It indicates the drug’s mechanism of action
D) It predicts drug solubility
B
Which type of adverse drug reaction is most common?
A) Teratogenicity
B) Hypersensitivity
C) Side effects
D) Idiosyncratic reactions
C
Which of the following affects drug absorption the most?
A) Drug taste
B) Route of administration
C) Patient age
D) Drug storage conditions
B
Which organ is primarily responsible for drug metabolism?
A) Kidney
B) Liver
C) Stomach
D) Lungs
B
What happens when two drugs are metabolized by the same enzyme system?
A) They may compete and alter metabolism rates
B) Their effects are unchanged
C) They always have increased potency
D) They become inactive immediately
A
Which of the following is an example of a drug administered via inhalation?
A) Morphine
B) Warfarin
C) Albuterol
D) Insulin
C
What is the purpose of enteric-coated tablets?
A) To improve drug solubility
B) To prevent drug dissolution in the stomach
C) To increase drug excretion
D) To enhance absorption in the intestines
B
Which of the following is NOT a route of drug elimination?
A) Urine
B) Sweat
C) Tears
D) Feces
C
What does bioavailability refer to?
A) The amount of drug absorbed into circulation
B) The rate of drug metabolism
C) The drug’s potential for side effects
D) The route of drug administration
A
Which of the following is an example of a prodrug?
A) Paracetamol
B) Aspirin
C) Codeine
D) Insulin
C
A patient taking warfarin is advised to avoid excessive consumption of which vitamin?
A) Vitamin A
B) Vitamin B12
C) Vitamin K
D) Vitamin D
C
What does the term “first-pass effect” refer to?
A) The rapid excretion of drugs
B) The metabolism of a drug before it reaches systemic circulation
C) The immediate effect of a drug after administration
D) The body’s tolerance to a drug
B
Which term describes a decrease in a drug’s effect due to repeated use over time?
A) Hypersensitivity
B) Tolerance
C) Potentiation
D) Bioavailability
B
Which historical development had the most significant impact on the treatment of infectious diseases?
A) The discovery of digitalis
B) The synthesis of chemotherapeutic agents
C) The introduction of penicillin
D) The invention of anesthetics
C
A physician prescribes a drug that is metabolized extensively by the liver before reaching systemic circulation. What is this phenomenon called?
A) Zero-order metabolism
B) First-pass effect
C) Enterohepatic circulation
D) Pharmacodynamic tolerance
B
Which of the following factors is most likely to increase a drug’s bioavailability when administered orally?
A) Extensive first-pass metabolism
B) Delayed gastric emptying
C) Increased lipid solubility
C
A patient taking warfarin is prescribed an antibiotic that inhibits cytochrome P450 enzymes. What is the most likely outcome?
A) Decreased anticoagulant effect of warfarin
B) Increased risk of bleeding due to warfarin accumulation
C) Faster elimination of warfarin
D) No effect on warfarin levels
B
Which of the following statements about competitive inhibition is correct?
A) A competitive inhibitor binds irreversibly to the active site
B) Competitive inhibition decreases the maximum velocity (Vmax) of an enzyme
C) Increasing substrate concentration can overcome competitive inhibition
D) Competitive inhibitors decrease the enzyme’s affinity for the substrate without affecting Km
C
A patient taking aspirin daily for cardiovascular protection is prescribed an antacid for acid reflux. What effect might the antacid have on aspirin absorption?
A) It increases aspirin absorption by enhancing gastric acidity
B) It decreases aspirin absorption by increasing gastric pH
C) It has no effect on aspirin absorption
D) It causes aspirin to be metabolized more quickly
B
