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NURS 306 - Exam 1 > Introduction to Pediatric Nursing > Flashcards

Introduction to Pediatric Nursing Flashcards

1
Q

Define morbidity

A

Prevalence of a specific illness in the population at a particular time

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2
Q

Define mortality

A

Number of individuals who have died over time

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3
Q

What is the most effective strategy to reduce childhood morbidity and mortality?

A

Education for children and families

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4
Q

What are the benefits of understanding mortality / morbidity? (3)

A
  • Recognizing age groups at risk
  • Prevention / treatment
  • Planning / delivery of care
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5
Q

What populations have an increased morbidity? (5)

A
  • Preemies (LBW)
  • Children in day care
  • Children with mental disabilities
  • Homeless / poverty children
  • Immigrant children
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6
Q

______ is the most common nutritional problem among American children

A

Obesity

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7
Q

What are the risk factors of obesity / type II diabetes? (5)

A
  • American diet
  • Sedentary lifestyle
  • High cholesterol
  • Hypertension
  • Heart disease
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8
Q

What BMI is considered obese for children?

A

> 95 percentile for same age / gender

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9
Q

______ are the most common cause of death / disability to children in the U.S.

A

Injuries

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10
Q

Type of injury is often related to ______

A

Growth / development

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11
Q

Why are children at high risk of injury?

A

They are innately curious - predisposition for hazards

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12
Q

What are the risk factors of injuries in children? (4)

A
  • Curiosity
  • Developmental level
  • Peer pressure
  • Temperament
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13
Q

What is the primary risk factor associated with infants?

A

Putting things in mouth

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14
Q

What are the risk factors associated with toddlers / pre school children ? (2)

A
  • Lack of awareness
  • Not learning from experiences
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15
Q

What is concrete thinking?

A

Awareness regarding danger

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16
Q

When is concrete thinking developed?

A

In school aged children

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17
Q

What are the risk factors associated with school age children? (2)

A
  • No regard for risks
  • No planning
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18
Q

What are the risk factors associated with adolescents? (2)

A
  • Feeling invincible
  • Peer pressure
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19
Q

Describe the anatomy specific to young children (3)

A
  • Large head
  • Large spleen / abdomen (organs more superficial)
  • Small, light body
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20
Q

65% of all unintentional poisonings are
reported in children younger than age ______

A

5

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21
Q

Pediatric nursing is …

A

Family centered – must recognize the family as a constant in a child’s life

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22
Q

Describe atraumatic care

A

Therapeutic care through interventions that minimize distress for children / families

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23
Q

Describe some examples of atraumatic care (3)

A
  • Pain control - EMLA cream 30 min before needle stick
  • Allowing caregivers to stay overnight
  • Allowing children to play with medical equipment
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24
Q

What are the typical side effects associated with immunizations? (4)

A
  • Low grade fever
  • Injection site pain
  • Redness
  • Fussiness
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25
Q

How are immunization side effects managed for pediatrics?

A

Acetaminophen

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26
Q

Describe the process that occurs from an immunization (3)

A
  • Introduces an antigen into the body to trigger an immune response
  • Antibodies develop
  • Antibodies respond to specific antigens - active immunity
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27
Q

What are the types of live vaccines? (2)

A
  • MMR (measles, mumps, rubella)
  • Varicella (chickenpox)
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28
Q

What are the contraindications of live vaccines? (3)

A
  • Children with impaired immune system
  • Children living with an immunosuppressed person
  • Pregnancy / planning pregnancy within 3 months
29
Q

Do not administer vaccines if the child has ______

A

Severe febrile illness

30
Q

What are the guidelines for pediatric vaccines? (2)

A
  • Preterm infants are immunized at appropriate chronological ages regardless of weight
  • All states require immunizations prior to entry into licensed child-care / school (exceptions exist)
31
Q

According to The National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act …

A

Children who have suffered injury / death from a vaccine may seek compensation

32
Q

What is required under The National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act?

A

Personal immunization record within permanent record

33
Q

What information must be recorded at the time of immunization? (5)

A
  • Date of administration
  • Vaccine / manufacturer
  • Site / route of administration
  • Lot number / expiration date
  • Name of provider giving the vaccine
34
Q

______ must be obtained before any immunization is given

A

Informed consent

35
Q

How must information about the vaccine be given?

A

Verbally AND in writing

36
Q

Describe adverse events (2)

A
  • Any medical event following vaccination
  • May be true reaction OR coincidental
37
Q

Describe adverse reactions / side effects (2)

A
  • Extraneous effects caused by vaccination
  • Local, systemic, severe
38
Q

Parental concerns associated with immunizations are often a result of …

A

Unfounded fears due to lack of knowledge

39
Q

Describe nursing care related to parental concerns about immunizations (2)

A
  • Provide complete, accurate information regarding vaccines
  • MUST ultimately respect the parent’s wishes **
40
Q

What are some methods to get further information from a child? (2)

A
  • Direct observation (non-verbals)
  • Asking the child to point to their pain
41
Q

Describe communication with children / families (5)

A
  • Use open ended questions
  • Get down to the child’s level
  • Talk directly to the child
  • Speak in simple terms
  • Offer choices
42
Q

What are the major stressors encountered by young children? (4)

A
  • Changes to routines
  • Fear of pain / injury
  • Loss of control
  • Separation anxiety **
43
Q

______ is the most prevalent stressor from middle infancy through pre-school years

A

Separation anxiety

44
Q

Separation anxiety is also called ______

A

Anaclictic depression

45
Q

How does separation anxiety change during older childhood through adolescence?

A

Shifts towards separation from peers rather than parents

46
Q

Describe methods to decrease fear of bodily injury (2)

A
  • Modify techniques based on age group
  • Explain in developmentally appropriate terms
47
Q

Describe an example of modifying a technique based on age group

A

Rectal thermometer may be traumtic for preschoolers - use another method

48
Q

The FACE pain scale is used for what age group?

A

Pre schoolers (3 - 5 years)

49
Q

The numeric pain scale is used for what age group?

A

> 5 years

50
Q

What tool is used to assess pain in children unable to communicate verbally?

A

FLACC

51
Q

Describe the FLACC scale

A
  • Face
  • Legs
  • Activity
  • Cry
  • Consolability
52
Q

Describe timing of procedure preparation based on age

A

The younger the child –> explain closer to procedure

53
Q

When preparing children for procedures, ALWAYS consider ______

A

Developmental level

54
Q

Describe the methods for preparing a child for a procedure (4)

A
  • Allow child to yell / cry
  • Never punish the child
  • Praise for everything (even if not cooperative)
  • Perform painful procedures in the treatment room only
55
Q

What method of therapeutic holding is often used for children during procedures?

A

Swaddling / arm boards

56
Q

Who can give informed consent? (2)

A
  • Parent / legal guardian
  • Authorized adult - must have written permission from parent
57
Q

Describe verbal consent

A

Must have two witnesses listening simultaneously

58
Q

Describe consent in an emergent situation

A

A minor can be examined, treated, stabilized, and transferred to another hospital for emergency care without consent

59
Q

When is informed consent required? (7)

A
  • Surgery
  • Invasive diagnostic tests (lumbar puncture, bone marrow aspiration, biopsy, cardiac catheter)
  • High risk treatments (chemo, dialysis)
  • Research
  • Photography
  • Autopsy
  • Release of medical information
60
Q

It is considered ______ if informed consent is not obtained when required

A

Assault / battery

61
Q

An individual under the age of 18 who is legally independent is considered ______

A

An emancipated minor

62
Q

Under what circumstances can a minor be considered legally independent? (5)

A
  • Married
  • Pregnant / has a child
  • Graduated high school
  • Self supporting (living independently)
  • Military service
63
Q

Emancipated minors may …

A

Consent for themselves (and their children)

64
Q

What is assent?

A

Indicates that a child has been informed about a treatment / procedure and is willing to allow it to happen

65
Q

Older children should provide ______ along with parental consent

A

Assent

66
Q

Describe solitary play

A

A child plays alone (infants)

67
Q

Describe parallel play

A

Children play next to each other but do not interact (toddlers)

68
Q

Describe associative play

A

Children play with shared toys, but have different ideas / goals (pre schoolers)

69
Q

Describe cooperative play

A

Children work together to achieve a common goal (school age / adolescents)

NURS 306 - Exam 1 (7 decks)

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