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NURS 306 - Exam 1 > Growth and Development > Flashcards

Growth and Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is cephalocaudal development?

A

Attainment of skills from the head downward

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2
Q

What is proximodistal development?

A

Attainment of skills from the trunk outward

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3
Q

What is the sequence of motor skill development?

A

Gross motor skills before fine motor skills

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4
Q

______ accounts for development of motor milestones

A

Myelination of the spinal cord

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5
Q

When does myelination of the spinal cord occur?

A

Newborn - 24 months

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6
Q

Describe primitive reflexes (2)

A
  • Reflexes that a child is born with
  • Typically disappear within the first year of life
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7
Q

What are some examples of primitive reflexes? (5)

A
  • Sucking
  • Palmer / plantar grasp
  • Babinski (positive toe flaring)
  • Tonic neck (fencer)
  • Moro (startle)
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8
Q

What age does the positive babinski reflex typically last until?

A

24 months

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9
Q

Describe protective reflexes (2)

A
  • Develop after the disappearance of primitive reflexes
  • Not present until after 12 months of age
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10
Q

Describe Erikson’s psychosocial theory of the infant

A

Trust vs. mistrust - reliance on caregivers for basic needs

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11
Q

Describe Freud’s psychosexual theory of the infant

A

Oral sensations for pleasure (sucking)

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12
Q

How do infants communicate?

A

Crying - different pitches based on needs

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13
Q

What type of communication / language technique is present at 2 months?

A

Cooing

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14
Q

What type of communication / language technique is present at 6 months?

A

Babbles

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15
Q

What type of communication / language technique is present at 9 months?

A

Copying sounds

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16
Q

What types of communication / language techniques are present at 12 months? (3)

A
  • Saying a few words
  • Using simple gestures
  • Following simple directions
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17
Q

Infants have ______ vision at birth

A

20 / 400

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18
Q

At what age does color vision develop?

A

7 months

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19
Q

Infants have a preference towards what types of sounds?

A

High-pitched sounds

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20
Q

Infants have a preference towards what types of tastes?

A

Sweet tastes

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21
Q

Infants have a preference towards what types of touch?

A

Soft, gentle touch

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22
Q

What is temperament?

A

Method of responding to environment

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23
Q

It is important to tailor ______ around temperament to mitigate negative responses

A

Parenting strategies

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24
Q

Describe easy temperament (3)

A
  • Quickly established routines
  • Adapt well to change
  • Happy / calm
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25
Q

Describe slow to warm up temperament (2)

A
  • Initial negative reaction - adapts over time
  • Moderately fussy
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26
Q

Describe difficult temperament (4)

A
  • Do not adapt well to change
  • Highly active
  • Behavioral issues
  • Fussy / irritable
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27
Q

Describe Erikson’s psychosocial theory of the toddler

A

Autonomy vs. shame / doubt - making independent choices

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28
Q

When does the preoperational stage begin?

A

2 years

29
Q

Describe Freud’s psychosexual theory of the toddler

A

Learning when / where to defecate

30
Q

According to Freud, what phenomenon is common during toilet training?

A

Stool holding

31
Q

What gross motor skill is present in toddlers?

A

Learning to walk (unsteady gait)

32
Q

What physical features contribute to the unsteady gait of toddlers? (2)

A
  • Bowed legs
  • Flat feet
33
Q

What fine motor skills are present in toddlers? (3)

A
  • Self feeding
  • Stacking blocks
  • Scribbling
34
Q

What types of communication / language techniques are present in toddlers? (2)

A
  • Echolalia
  • Telegraphic speech
35
Q

In toddlers, what type of language develops first?

A

Receptive language develops before expressive language (ability to understand before communicating)

36
Q

What is echolalia?

A

Repetition of words and phrases without understanding meaning

37
Q

What is telegraphic speech?

A

2 - 3 word sentences - only enough words to get the point across

38
Q

What types of social / emotional traits are present in toddlers? (2)

A
  • Egocentric
  • Ritualistic
39
Q

At what age do toddlers understand that actions can hurt others?

A

3 years

40
Q

How should parents respond to temper tantrums?

A

Ensure safety of child, but ignore behavior

41
Q

What are the risk factors associated with emotional and behavioral problems in toddlers? (3)

A
  • Poverty
  • Maternal depression
  • Exposure to toxic substances
42
Q

Describe Erikson’s psychosocial theory of the preschooler

A

Initiative vs. guilt - planning activities and becoming assertive

43
Q

At what age does egocentrism lessen?

A

4 years

44
Q

At what age does animism lessen?

A

5 years

45
Q

Describe Freud’s psychosexual theory of the preschooler

A

Interest in genitals, identifying with parent of same sex

46
Q

What gross motor skills are present in preschoolers? (3)

A
  • Running
  • Jumping
  • Throwing / kicking a ball
47
Q

What fine motor skills are present in preschoolers? (3)

A
  • Established hand dominance
  • Cutting with scissors
  • Tying shoes
48
Q

What type of communication / language technique is present in preschoolers?

A

Concrete language

49
Q

At child well visits for preschoolers, screening for ______ begins

A

Language delays

50
Q

What are the underlying causes of language delays in preschoolers? (4)

A
  • Autism
  • Neglect
  • Cognitive impairment
  • Low socioeconomic status
51
Q

What types of social / emotional traits are present in preschoolers? (3)

A
  • Sharing
  • Coping with emotions
  • Imaginary play / imaginary friends
52
Q

At what age does interest in basic sexuality begin?

A

5 - 6 years

53
Q

Describe Erikson’s psychosocial theory of the school-aged child

A

Industry vs. inferiority - confidence in ability to achieve goals

54
Q

Describe Freud’s psychosexual theory of the school-aged child

A

Relationships with same sex peers

55
Q

What gross motor skills are present in school-aged children? (2)

A
  • Balance / coordination
  • Sports / activities
56
Q

What fine motor skills are present in school-aged children? (2)

A
  • Dexterity
  • Instruments / detailed activities
57
Q

What types of communication / language techniques are present in school-aged children? (2)

A
  • Using jokes / humor
  • Talking about thoughts / feelings
58
Q

What types of social / emotional traits are present in school-aged children? (2)

A
  • Positive / negative self-esteem
  • Desire to be accepted by peers - subject to peer pressure
59
Q

At what age does a child typically develop a best friend?

A

7 years

60
Q

Describe gender dysphoria in school-aged children (2)

A
  • Identification with a gender different from biological sex
  • May be short-term or long-term
61
Q

At what is gender dysphoria typically first seen?

A

9 - 10 years

62
Q

Describe Erikson’s psychosocial theory of the adolescent

A

Identity vs. role confusion - self-consciousness / concern with attractiveness

63
Q

Describe Freud’s psychosexual theory of the adolescent

A

Sexual experimenting / interest in relationships

64
Q

When are gross / fine motor skills fully developed?

A

Adolescence

65
Q

What types of communication / language techniques are present in adolescents? (3)

A
  • Complex vocabulary
  • Abstract thought
  • Use of slang
66
Q

What types of social / emotional traits are present in adolescents? (3)

A
  • Peers are most important
  • Opposite-sex relationships
  • Gender identity / sexual orientation
67
Q

In adolescents, self-concept and ______ are closely related

A

Body image

68
Q

In adolescence, body image is influenced by development of ______

A

Secondary sex characteristics

NURS 306 - Exam 1 (7 decks)

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