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ESA2 - Pathological Processes > Introduction to Pathology > Flashcards

Introduction to Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is pathology the study of?

A

Suffering - study of disease and cellular dysfunction

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2
Q

Where can serous carcinoma occur?

A

Ovary, fallopian tube, uterus, cervix, peritoneum

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3
Q

What is autolysis?

A

Tissue self-destruction that begins when blood supply is cut off

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4
Q

How can we block the chemical process of autolysis?

A

By using fixatives

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5
Q

What do fixatives do?

A

Inactivate tissue enzymes and denature proteins, prevent bacterial growth, harden tissue

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6
Q

What is an example of a commonly used fixative?

A

Formalin (formaldehyde in water) - usually fix for 24-48 hours

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7
Q

What do we do to tissues after they have been fixed?

A

Cut up, samples are taken - about size of stamp - and placed into a cassette and placed in racks in formalin

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8
Q

Why do tissues have to be hardened?

A

In order to be able to cut very thin sections

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9
Q

What is used as a hardening agent?

A

Paraffin wax

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10
Q

Why is alcohol and xylene used in tissue preparation?

A

Alcohol removes the water and xylene removes the alcohol

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11
Q

What is used to cut tissue samples into very thin sections?

A

Microtome

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12
Q

What does haematoxylin stain?

A

Nuclei purple

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13
Q

What does eosin stain?

A

Cytoplasm and connective tissue pink

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14
Q

What is immunohistochemistry?

A

Demonstrates substances in/on cells by labelling them with specific antibodies - usually joined to an enzyme eg peroxidase that catalyses a colour-producing reaction

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15
Q

What can immunohistochemistry of the Her2 receptor predict?

A

Response of breast cancer to Herceptin

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16
Q

If a carcinoma is CK7+ and CK20- what could be the primary site?

A

Lung, breast, endometrium, ovary, thyroid

17
Q

If a carcinoma is CK7- and CK20+ what could be the primary site?

A

Large bowel, some gastric carcinomas

18
Q

How can sequencing of DNA purified from tumour tissue be useful?

A

Eg if certain mutations in EGFR gene are present in lung cancer then the tumour is likely to respond to anti-EGFR treatments eg erlotinib

19
Q

Why is it better to look at mRNA expression over DNA sequencing?

A

Tells you whether the genes are being transcribed

20
Q

Why are frozen sections not routinely used?

A

Morphology not as good, more likely to make errors

21
Q

What can be used as a marker to identify smooth muscle cells?

A

Contractile protein actin

22
Q

What does the presence of cytokeratins demonstrate?

A

Epithelial differentiation

Different cytokeratins show tissue-specific distribution

23
Q

How long does it take for a result of a frozen section from receipt of the tissue in the lab?

A

About 10 minutes

ESA2 - Pathological Processes (9 decks)

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