Introduction to Pathology Flashcards
FOUR ASPECTS OF THE DISEASE PROCESS
Etiology, pathogenesis, molecular and morphological changes, clinical manifestations
2 major classes of etiology
Genetic, acquired
are reversible functional and structural responses to more severe physiologic stresses and some pathologic stimuli, during which new but altered steady states are achieved, allowing the cell to survive and continue to function
Adaptations
Age when the growth hormone stops
20 s
CELLULAR ADAPTATIONS
• Hyperplasia, hypertrophy
• Atrophy
• Metaplasia
Cellular response
Cellular adaptations, cell injury, intracellular accumulations; calcification, cellular aging
the end result of progressive cell injury
Cell death
Two principal pathways
Necrosis, apoptosis
refers to an increase in the size of cells, resulting in an increase in the size of the organ.
Hypertrophy
The most common stimulus for hypertrophy of muscle is
Increased workload
is the result of increased production of cellular proteins
Hypertrophy
is an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue, usually resulting in increased mass of the organ or tissue.
Hyperplasia
increases the functional capacity of a tissue when needed
Hormonal hyperplasia
increases tissue mass after damage or partial resection.
Compensatory hyperplasia
excesses of hormones or growth factors acting on target cells
Hyperplasia
constitutes a fertile soil in which cancerous proliferation may eventually arise.
Pathologic hyperplasia
is reduced size of an organ or tissue resulting from a decrease in cell size and number
Atrophy
is common during normal development.
Physiologic atrophy
embryonic structures, undergo atrophy during fetal development
Notochord and thyroglossal duct
Decreased workload
Atrophy of disuse
Loss of innervation
denervation atrophy
Diminished blood supply
Senile atrophy
Diminished blood supply
Senile atrophy
Inadequate nutrition
Marasmus, cachexia
Atrophy results from
decreased protein synthesis and increased protein degradation in cells.
is a reversible change in which one differentiated cell type (epithelial or mesenchymal) is replaced by another cell type.
Metaplasia
The influences that predispose to metaplasia, if persistent, may initiate
malignant transformation in metaplastic epithelium.
the architecture of dead tissues is preserved for a span of at least some days
Coagulate necrosis
the architecture of dead tissues is preserved for a span of at least some days
Coagulative necrosis
A localized area of coagulative necrosis is called
Infarct
characterized by digestion of the dead cells, resulting in transformation of the tissue into a liquid viscous mass.
Liquefactive necrosis
The necrotic material is frequently creamy yellow because of the presence of dead leukocytes and is called
Pus
usually applied to a limb, generally the lower leg, that has lost its blood supply and has undergone necrosis (typically coagulative necrosis) involving multiple tissue planes.
Gangrenous necrosis
encountered most often in foci of tuberculous infection
Caseous necrosis
appears as a collection of fragmented or lysed cells and amorphous granular debris enclosed within a distinctive inflammatory border;
necrotic area
this appearance is characteristic of a focus of inflammation known as a
granuloma
Refers to focal areas of fat destruction, typically resulting from release of activated pancreatic lipases into the substance of the pancreas and the peritoneal cavity.
Fat necrosis
seen in immune reactions involving blood vessels. This pattern of necrosis typically occurs when complexes of antigens and antibodies are deposited in the walls of arteries.
Fibroid necrosis
chemical species that have a single unpaired electron in an outer orbit.
Free radicals
Energy created by this unstable configuration is released through reactions with adjacent molecules, such as inorganic or organic chemicals-proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids-many of which are key components of cell membranes and nuclei
Free radicals
describe abnormal accumulations of triglycerides within parenchymal cells.
steatosis and fatty change
may result from excessive entry or defective metabolism and export of lipids
Excess accumulation of triglycerides within the liver
