Introduction To Pathology

Question 1

What does a biomedical scientist do?

Answer 1

Analyse fluids and tissue samples from patients, identifying diseases and providing reports

Question 2

What is a disease?

Answer 2

An alteration from normal function/structure of an organ/ system which manifests as a characteristic set of signs and symptoms

Question 3

What is pathology?

Answer 3

Study of structural, biochemical changes in cells tissues and organs that underlines disease

Question 4

List the divisions of pathology

Answer 4

1. Clinical chemistry
2. Microbiology
3. Immunoptholgy
4. Cell pathology
5. Haematology

Question 5

Why is biomedical science?

Answer 5

Practiced in healthcare labs to identify, research monitor and treat disease

Question 6

What is a lesion?

Answer 6

Any damage or abnormal change in the tissue of an organism, usually caused by disease or trauma

Question 7

What are the 2 types of lesions?

Answer 7

Gross- identifiable with the naked eye (boils etc)
EM/ Molecular- change that cannot be seen with the naked eye

Question 8

What is Aetiology?

Answer 8

The study of the cause of disease

Question 9

Why is pathogenesis.

Answer 9

The pathways and mechanisms by which an aetiological agent produces
the lesions

Question 10

Who is Hippocrates and what did he do?

Answer 10

Father of Western Medicine
Respected the idea of disease affliction of gods
Looked for natural causes of disease
Changes in blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile were lesions and causes of disease

Question 11

What did Aristotle do?

Answer 11

Conducted animal dissection and described anatomical structure in 350BC
Founder of zoology

Question 12

What did Cornelius Celsius do?

Answer 12

He was a Roman encyclopaedist- inflammation
Rubor, tumour, calor, dolar signs that are still recognised today

Question 13

What did Claudius Galen do?

Answer 13

Most significant Roman physician (129-201AD)
Observed disease and anatomy
Based his theories on animal direction
Many false theorises that persisted for 15 centuries

Question 14

When and what was the Renaissance period?

Answer 14

The Study of gross anatomy, 13th-16th century
Concept of direction of dead individuals to learn something about the structure and function.
Bodies taken to secret labs to study

Question 15

Who is William Harvey?

Answer 15

English physician (1578-1657) who revolutionised a concept of disease duration
Described circulation correctly

Question 16

Who is Jean- Baptist’s 1667?

Answer 16

Performed two of the 1st transfusions in England and France
Carried of a direct transfusion from calf-human

Question 17

Who were the significant scientists in the 18th century and what did they do?

Answer 17

Giovanni Morgagni- Correlted symptoms with autopsy findings
James Blundell- Resuscitated transfusion, established radical indications for blood transfusion
Edward Jenner- Father of immunology., pioneer of small pox vaccine

Question 18

What is the 19th century known as?

Answer 18

Microscopy era
Optics of microscopes created
Recognition of cells

Question 19

What is clinical chemistry?

Answer 19

The analysis of various body fluids for the detection and quantity ion of an enormous range of sub-cellular substances

Question 20

What is medical microbiology?

Answer 20

The detection & identification of a wide range of micro-organisms
The sensitivity of the organism to therapeutic agents is assessed, in order to arrive at a suitable treatment
regime.

Question 21

What is cellular pathology?

Answer 21

Split into 2 categories:
1. Cytology- investigation of individual cells which have been dissociates from their normal surroundings
2. Histology- investigation of tissue samples rather than isolated, individual cells

Question 22

What is haematology?

Answer 22

Performance of blood counts using automated methods that gives lots of info on the cellular elements of the blood

Question 23

What is immunology?

Answer 23

Clinical immunology- tests related to autoimmunity, allergy, immunochemistry and antibody deficiency
Transplantation and cellular immunology- histocompatibility testing, immunosuppressant monitoring and tests of cellular immune function.