INTRODUCTION TO PARASITOLOGY (2)

Question 1

Biological relationships (host- parasite relationship)

Answer 1

symbiosis
commensalism
parasitism

Question 2

-both host and parasite are dependent upon each other
-none of them suffers any harm from association

Answer 2

symbiosis

Question 3

-only parasite derives benefit from the association without causing any injury to the host
-capable of living an independent life also

Answer 3

commensalism

Question 4

-the parasite derives benefits and the host is always harmed due to the association
-the parasite cannot live an independent life

Answer 4

parasitism

Question 5

types of host

Answer 5

definitive or final host
intermediate host
paratenic host
reservoir host

Question 6

types of vector

Answer 6

biological vector
mechanical or phoretic vector

Question 7

are harmful and frequently cause mechanical injury to their host

Answer 7

pathogens

Question 8

harbors a particular pathogen without manifesting any signs and symptoms

Answer 8

Carrier

Question 9

process of inoculating an infective agent

Answer 9

Exposure

Question 10

connotes the establishment of the infective agent in the host.

Answer 10

Infection

Question 11

period between infection and evidence of symptoms.

Answer 11

Incubation period

Question 12

period between infection or acquisition of the parasite and evidence or demonstration of infection.

Answer 12

Pre-patent period

Question 13

Results when an infected individual becomes his own direct source of infection.

Answer 13

Autoinfection

Question 14

Happens when the already infected individual is further infected with the same species leading to massive infection with the parasite.

Answer 14

Superinfection (hyperinfection)

Question 15

source of infection

Answer 15

contaminated soil and water
food
vectors
carrier
self

Question 16

refers to a vector, which not only assists in the transfer of parasites but the parasites undergo development or multiplication in their body as well.

Answer 16

biological vectors

Question 17

refers to a vector, which assists in the transfer of parasitic form between hosts but is not essential in the life cycle of the parasite.

Answer 17

mechanical vectors

Question 18

modes of infection

Answer 18

oral transmission
skin transmission
vector transmission
direct transmission
vertical transmission
latrogenic transmission

Question 19

• The most common method of transmission is through oral
route by contaminated food, water, soiled fingers, or fomites.
• Many intestinal parasites enter the body in this manner;
the infective stages being cysts, embryonated eggs, or
larval forms.
• Infection with E. histolytica and other intestinal protozoa
occurs when the infective cysts are swallowed.

Answer 19

oral transmission

Question 20

• Entry through skin is another important mode of
transmission.
• Hookworm infection is acquired, when the larvae enter
the skin of persons walking barefooted on contaminated
soil.
• Schistosomiasis is acquired when the cercarial larvae in
water penetrate the skin

Answer 20

Skin transmission

Question 21

• Many parasitic diseases are transmitted by insect
• A vector could be a biological vector or a mechanical
vector.bite,

Answer 21

Vector transmission

Question 22

malaria is transmitted by bite of

Answer 22

female Anopheles
mosquito

Question 23

• Parasitic infection may be transmitted by person-to person contact in some cases

Answer 23

Direct transmission

Question 24

• Mother to fetus transmission may take place in malaria and toxoplasmosis.

Answer 24

Vertical transmission

Question 25

transfusion malaria and toxoplasmosis after organ transplantation.

Answer 25

Iatrogenic transmission

Question 26

Animal parasites are classified according to the International
Code of Zoological Nomenclature

Answer 26

Nomenclature

Question 27

Most of the parasitic infection cannot be conclusively diagnosed. On the basis of clinical features and physical examination laboratory diagnosis depends upon:

Answer 27

• Microscopy
• Culture
• Serological test
• Skin test
• Molecular method
• Animal inocuJation
• Xenodiagnosis
• Imaging
• Hematology

Question 28

Following specimens are usually examined to establish a diagnosis:

Answer 28

• Stool
• Blood
• Urine
• Sputum
• Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
• Tissue and aspirates
• Genital specimens