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CLINICAL PARASITOLOGY > Introduction to Parasitology > Flashcards

Introduction to Parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

In Biological Relationships, what do you call the relationship between two unlike organisms?

A

Symbiosis

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2
Q

In Biological Relationships, what do you call the members of the symbiotic relationship?

A

Symbiont/Symbiote

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3
Q

Enumerate the four (4) examples of symbiotic relationships.

A
  1. Mutualism
  2. Commensalism
  3. Phoretic
  4. Parasitism
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4
Q

In Symbiotic Relationships, what do you call when both parties benefit each other?

A

Mutualism

Example: Termites and Flagellates

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5
Q

In Symbiotic Relationships, what do you call where one party benefits, and the other party is not affected or unharmed?

A

Commensalism

Example: E. coli in the intestinal lumen

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6
Q

In Symbiotic Relationship, what do you call the relationship where one that involves “Phoresis”?

A

Phoretic

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7
Q

In Phoretic Relationship, what do you call the organism that is carried and nothing else happens?

A

Phoresis

(It means “to carry”)

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8
Q

In Phoretic Relationships, what do you call where there is no physiologic interaction is involved between the host and the ____?

A

Phoront

(It is the organism being carried)

Example: Cockroaches carrying Ascaris eggs

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9
Q

In Symbiotic Relationships, what do you call the relationship where one benefits (parasite) and the other is harmed (host)?

A

Parasitism

Example: E. histolytica in humans

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10
Q

What is the area of biology that deals with the dependence of one organism on another? It is also known as the study of parasites, its hosts, and their relationships.

A

Parasitology

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11
Q

In Characteristics of Parasitic Diseases, on what areas are parasitic diseases prevalent?

A

Developing Countries/Lower Socioeconomic Population

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12
Q

T/F. Parasitic diseases have a low mortality and low morbidity.

A

True

(It is not deadly per se, usually neglected, very few people die)

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13
Q

T/F. Parasitic diseases have limited drug development and there is no current vaccines.

A

True

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14
Q

What do you call the species that harbors the parasite? It may show no harmful effects or it may suffer from the pathogenic effects of the parasite.

A

Host

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15
Q

Enumerate the seven types of host.

A
  1. Final Host/Definitive Host
  2. Intermediate Host
  3. Vectors
  4. Accidental Host
  5. Paratenic Host/Transfer Host
  6. Dead-end Host/Incidental Host
  7. Reservoir Host
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16
Q

What is the other name for final host?

A

Definitive Host

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17
Q

What host harbors the mature form of the parasite?

A

Final Host

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18
Q

What host where sexual reproduction and maturity takes places in these?

A

Final Host

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19
Q

What is the common final host?

A

Man

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20
Q

What host harbors the immature/larval form of the parasite?

A

Intermediate Host

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21
Q

What host where asexual reproduction takes place?

A

Intermediate Host

Example: Lower animals, vegetation, insects, sometimes humans (in Plasmodium infections)

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22
Q

What host is responsible for transmission?

A

Vectors

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23
Q

What are the two types of vectors?

A
  1. Biologic Vector
  2. Mechanical/Phoretic Vector
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24
Q

What vector exhibits a morphologic change or transformation of parasite before transmission to another host?

A

Biologic Vector

Example: Aedes, mosquitoes, tsetse fly, ticks

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25
Q

What vector is where the parasite is always inside?

A

Biologic Vector

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26
Q

What vector exhibits no morphological change?

A

Mechanical/Phoretic Vector

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27
Q

What vector is where the parasite is always outside?

A

Mechanical/Phoretic Vector

Example: Cockroaches and Flies

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28
Q

What host harbors a parasite that usually does NOT infect it?

A

Accidental Host

Example: Man infected with Toxocara canis

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29
Q

What is the other name for paratenic host?

A

Transfer Host

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30
Q

What host harbors parasites that do not develop to further stages?

A

Paratenic Host

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31
Q

What host only transfers from one host to another?

A

Paratenic Host

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32
Q

What host widens parasite distribution and bridges ecological gap between definitive and intermediate hosts?

A

Paratenic Host

Example: Boars for P. westermani

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33
Q

What is the other name for dead-end host?

A

Incidental Host

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34
Q

What host does not anymore allow the life cycle of the parasite to continue?

A

Dead-end host

Example: Humans for T. spiralis

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35
Q

What host is other than the parasite’s usual hosts that allows the life cycle to continue?

A

Reservoir Host

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36
Q

What host is where animals can continue the life cycle even in absence of humans?

A

Reservoir host

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37
Q

What host becomes additional sources for human infection?

A

Reservoir Host

Example:
1. Pigs for Balatidium coli
2. Field rats for Paragonimus westermani
3. Beavers for Giardia lamblia
4. Cats for Brugia malayi

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38
Q

What are the three types of parasites?

A
  1. Obligate
  2. Facultative
  3. Commensal
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39
Q

What parasite ALWAYS requires a host to survive? It occurs to most parasites.

A

Obligate

Example: Ascaris, Hookworms, Trichuris, Tapeworms

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40
Q

What parasite has a free-living and parasitic phase?

A

Facultative

Example: Threadworms, Naelegria

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41
Q

What do you call the phase of a facultative parasite that is found in the environment?

A

Free-living

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42
Q

What do you call the phase of facultative parasites where the conditions are unfavorable?

A

Parasitic Phase

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43
Q

What parasite is non-pathogenic?

A

Commensal

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44
Q

What are the seven types of parasites according to their habitat?

A
  1. Ectoparasite
  2. Endoparasite
  3. Erratic Parasite
  4. Accidental Parasite
  5. Spurious Parasite
  6. Temporary
  7. Permanent
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45
Q

What parasite lives outside the host?

A

Ectoparasite

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46
Q

What do you call the presence of an ectoparasite in a host?

A

Infestation

Example: Ticks, Lice, Fleas

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47
Q

What do you call a parasite that lives inside the host?

A

Endoparasite

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48
Q

What do you call the presence of an endoparasite in a host?

A

Inf ction

(Occurs in most parasite)

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49
Q

What do you call a parasite that is not living in its natural habitat?

A

Erratic Parasite

Example: Ascaris when it is not found in the small intestine

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50
Q

What is the other name for accidental parasite?

A

Incidental Parasite

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51
Q

What is the parasite that does not live in its usual host?

A

Accidental Host

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52
Q

What do you call a free-living organism that passes through the GI tract WITHOUT infecting the host?

A

Spurious Parasite

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53
Q

What is the other name for temporary parasites?

A

Transient Parasites

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54
Q

What parasite remains on host for its entire life?

A

Permanent

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55
Q

What are the three types of parasites according to egg laying capacity?

A
  1. Oviparous
  2. Ovoviviparous
  3. Larviparous
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56
Q

What parasite lays IMMATURE eggs (Eggs not yet embryonated, egg has no larva yet)?

A

Oviparous

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57
Q

What do you call a parasite that is larva laying?

A

Larviparous

Example: Trichinella

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57
Q

What parasite lays mature eggs (Embryonated, larva present)?

A

Ovoviviparous

Example: Schistosoma, Clonorchis

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58
Q

What are the three types of parasites according to sexes?

A
  1. Monoecious
  2. Dioecious
  3. Parthenogenetic
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59
Q

What is the other name for monoecious?

A

Hermaphrodites

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60
Q

What parasite is where both testes and ovaries are found in one parasite?

A

Monoecious

Example: Flukes and Tapeworms

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61
Q

What parasite exhibits the presence of separate sexes?

A

Dioecious

Example: All nematodes but Strongyloides

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62
Q

What parasites where females are capable of SELF-FERTILZATION?

A

Parthenogenetic

Example: Strongyloides stercoralis

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63
Q

What are the three stages for Helminthes?

A
  1. Adult
  2. Larva
  3. Egg/Ovum
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64
Q

In the stages for helminthes, what do you call the mature form?

A

Adult

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65
Q

In the stages for helminthes, what do you call the immature form?

A

Larva

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66
Q

In the stages for helminthes, What stages are included in the larva form?

A

L1-L3

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67
Q

In the stages for helminthes, What stage is the nonmotile form?

A

Egg/Ovum

68
Q

In the stages of helminthes, What stage is the resistant stages?

A

Egg/Ovum

69
Q

In the stages for helminthes, what stage is the infective stage?

A

Egg/Ovum

70
Q

In the stages for helminthes, this stage that once ingested, infects the host.

A

Infective Stage

71
Q

What are the two stages for protozoans?

A
  1. Trophozoite
  2. Cyst
72
Q

In the stages for protozoans, what is the motile/vegetative stage?

A

Trophozoite

73
Q

In the stages for Protozoans, what is the nonmotile but is usually the infective stage?

A

Cyst

74
Q

What are the nine types of transmission of parasites?

A
  1. Soil Transmitted Helminthes (STH)
  2. Vector Borne
  3. Food Borne
  4. Water Borne
  5. Vertical Transmission
  6. Transmammary
  7. Skin Penetration
  8. Inhalation
  9. Intimate Contact
75
Q

What are the examples of STH?

A
  1. Hookworm spp.
  2. A. lumbricoides
  3. T. trichuria
  4. S. stercoralis
76
Q

What are the examples of vector borne parasites?

A

Mosquitoes and ticks (Arthropods) that has plasmodium spp, hemoflagellates, and filarial worms

77
Q

What transmission of parasite is when you are fond of eating different types of food, it may be undercooked or raw food?

A

Food Borne

78
Q

What are the examples of food borne parasites?

A
  1. Fasciola
  2. Opisthorchis
  3. Clonorchis
  4. Echinostoma
  5. Heterophes
  6. Taenia
79
Q

What parasite can be transmitted if you drink contaminated water?

A

Water borne

80
Q

What are examples of water borne parasites?

A
  1. Giardia
  2. Cryptosporidium
81
Q

What parasite can be transmitted through congenital transmission?

A

Vertical Transmission

82
Q

What is the example of vertical transmission?

A

Toxoplasma gondii

83
Q

What is the transmission if it is through drinking of breast milk?

A

Transmammary

84
Q

What are the examples of transmammary parasites?

A
  1. Ancylostoma
  2. Strogyloides
85
Q

What do you call the transmission of exposure of skin to soil or water?

A

Skin penetration

86
Q

What are the examples of skin penetrating parasites?

A
  1. Hookworm spp.
  2. Strongyloides
  3. Schistosoma
87
Q

What parasite can be obtained through the INHALATION of airborne eggs?

A

Enterobius

88
Q

What parasite can you obtain through INTIMATE CONTACT/Sexual Contact?

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

89
Q

What do you call how the parasites develop?

A

Life Cycle

90
Q

What are the two types of life cycles?

A
  1. Direct
  2. Indirect
91
Q

What do you call the life cycle that does not have an intermediate host, it only consists of a parasite and a final host?

A

Direct

92
Q

What do you call a life cycle that has an intermediate host such as the migration of larval stages of plasmodium spp. present in some parasites?

A

Indirect

93
Q

T/F. Life cycles that are more complicated has a lesser chances for the parasite to survive.

A

True

94
Q

What is the presence of signs and symptoms?

A

Disease

95
Q

What is any organism that causes diseases?

A

Infection

96
Q

What is the establishment of an organism in one host?

A

Infection

97
Q

What does not have destruction of tissue yet because this is not equal to disease?

A

Infection

98
Q

What harbors the organism, but the person shows no signs or symptoms?

A

Carrier/Reservoir

99
Q

What do you call the period between infection and appearance of signs and symptoms?

A

Incubation Period

100
Q

In this period, there are NO symptoms.

A

Incubation Period

101
Q

What is the other name for incubation period?

A

Clinical Incubation Period

102
Q

What is the period between infection and evidence/demonstration of infection?

A

Pre-patent Period

103
Q

What period exhibits a POSITIVE laboratory result?

A

Pre-patent Period

104
Q

What period can be ahead of incubation period, or lesser?

A

Pre-patent Period

105
Q

What is the other name for pre-patent period?

A

Biologic Incubation Period

106
Q

What is the process of inoculating an infective agent?

A

Exposure

107
Q

What do you call where an infected individual becomes his/her own source of infection?

A

Autoinfection

108
Q

What do you call when the parasite does not need to go outside the host’s body to replicate and multiply?

A

Autoinfection

Example: Capillaria, Strongyloides, Enterobius, Cryptosporidium, Hymenolepis nana

109
Q

What do you call when the infected individual is further infected with the same parasite?

A

Superinfection

Example: Strongyloides

110
Q

What is the other name for superinfection?

A

Hyperinfection

111
Q

What is the study of patterns, distribution, and occurrence of disease?

A

Epidemiology

112
Q

What do you call the number of patients infected at one point in time?

A

Prevalence

113
Q

What is the percentage of individuals in a population infected with at least one parasite?

A

Cumulative Prevalence

114
Q

What is the number of new cases?

A

Incidence

115
Q

What measures risk of developing the disease?

A

Incidence

116
Q

What do you call when there is a few cases?

A

Sporadic

117
Q

What do you call when there is an ongoing local transmission in one area?

A

Endemic

118
Q

What do you call the sudden increase in number of cases, an outbreak?

A

Epidemic

119
Q

What do you call a worldwide epidemic?

A

Pandemic

120
Q

What do you call the permanent reduction to zero of worldwide incidence of an infection?

A

Eradication

121
Q

What do you call once achieved, continued efforts to reduce infections is no longer needed?

A

Eradication

122
Q

What do you call the reduction to zero of incidence of a specified disease in an area?

A

Elimination

123
Q

What is the number of cases?

A

Morbidity

124
Q

What is the number of deaths?

A

Mortality

125
Q

What is the severity of the infection?

A

Intensity of Infection

Example: Worm burden in ascaris

126
Q

What do you call when parasites infects humans but do not cause disease?

A

Commensals

127
Q

This parasite can cause injury by release of metabolites/enzymes.

A

E. histolytica

128
Q

This parasite can deprive humans of Vitamin B12 or Cyanocobalamin.

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

129
Q

What are some of the tissue damage a parasite can do?

A
  1. Fatty Degeneration
  2. Albuminous Degeneration
  3. Necrosis
130
Q

What do you call the increase in number of cells?

A

Hyperplasia

131
Q

What do you call the increase in the size of cells?

A

Hypertrophy

132
Q

What do you call the change from one cell type to another?

A

Metaplasia

133
Q

What do you call the formation of tumors or neoplasms?

A

Neoplasia

134
Q

What is the inability of parasite to synthesize certain cellular compounds, so they need the help of the host to obtain these components?

A

Streamlining

135
Q

What confers resistance to Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium knowlesi?

A

Duffy Blood Group Fy (a- b-)

136
Q

What anemia confers resistance to Plasmodium falciparum?

A

Sickle Cell Anemia

137
Q

What inhibits growth of protozoans?

A

High protein diet

138
Q

What favors the development and appearance of symptoms and complications of amebiasis?

A

Low protein diet

139
Q

What favors the development of some tapeworms?

A

High carbohydrate diet

140
Q

What provides surface protection against invasion from parasites?

A

Skin

141
Q

What provides external barriers to parasite entry?

A

Mucuous membranes

142
Q

What can present a hostile environment to microorganisms?

A

Low pH of vaginal secretions and gastric juice

143
Q

What chemical component is toxic to Giardia?

A

Lipase content of breast milk

144
Q

What chemical component is able to destroy microorganisms?

A

Lysozyme in tears and saliva (with the IgA content)

145
Q

What is the motion of the cilia in the digestive tract which helps in expelling parasites?

A

Peristalsis

146
Q

What enables expectoration of certain parasites?

A

Coughing

147
Q

What are the two antigenic variations?

A
  1. Variant Surface Glycoproteins (VSGs)
  2. Variant Surface Proteins
148
Q

What do you call when the parasite changes its surface proteins or glycoproteins to avoid detection by the immune system?

A

Antigenic Variation

Example: Giardia and Hemoflagellates

149
Q

What do you call when the parasite can copy certain proteins/antigens in the body?

A

Host mimicry

Example: E. granulosus larva mimics the P antigen in the P blood group

150
Q

What do you call when the parasite hides inside the cell?

A

Intracellular Sequestration

Example: Plasmodium, Babesia, Leishmania

151
Q

What is the use of anthelminthic drugs in a individual or public health program?

A

Deworming

152
Q

What is the number of previously positive subjects found to be egg negative?

A

Cure Rate

153
Q

What is the percentage fall in egg counts after deworming?

A

Egg Reduction Rate

154
Q

What is the individual-level of deworming?

A

Selective treatment

155
Q

What is the selection for treatment based on presumptive grounds?

A

Selective Treatment

156
Q

What is a group-level deworming?

A

Targeted treament

157
Q

What is a population-level deworming?

A

Universal treatment

158
Q

What is the regular, systematic, large-scale intervention through administration of one or more drugs to selected population groups?

A

Preventive Chemotherapy

159
Q

What is the proportion of target population reached by the intervention?

A

Coverage

160
Q

What is the effect of a drug?

A

Efficacy

161
Q

What is the measure of the effect of a drug?

A

Effectiveness

162
Q

What is the genetically transmitted loss of susceptibility to a drug?

A

Drug Resistance

163
Q

What is the avoidance of illness caused by infections?

A

Morbidity control

164
Q

What aims to encourage people to adapt and maintain healthy life practices?

A

Information-education-communication (IEC)

165
Q

What is the planning, organization, performance, and monitoring of activities for medication or manipulation of environmental factors?

A

Environmental Management

166
Q

What is the intervention to reduce environmental health risks?

A

Environmental Sanitation

167
Q

What is the provision of access to adequate facilities for safe disposal of human exreta?

A

Sanitation

CLINICAL PARASITOLOGY (6 decks)

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