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Clinical Parasitology > Introduction to Parasitology > Flashcards

Introduction to Parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

Refers to the association of 2 organisms that is beneficial to both

A

Mutualism

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2
Q

Unlike, that refers to association of two species for food and shelter. Living together of unlike organisms

A

Symbiosis

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3
Q

2 types of Symbiosis

A

Commensalism
Mutualism

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4
Q

Symbiotic relationship in which two species live together and one species benefit from the relationship without harming or benefiting the other

A

Commensalism

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5
Q

Latin for “eating at the same table”

A

Commensalism

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6
Q

Only beneficial to one partner and at least not disadvantageous to the other. There is no give and take

A

Commensalism

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7
Q

A symbiotic relationship in which 2 organisms mutually benefit from each other

A

Mutualism

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8
Q

Beneficial to both of the organism involved. There is give and take happening.

A

Mutualism

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9
Q

Symbiotic rs where one organisms, the parakite lives in or on another, depending on the latter for its survival and usually at the expense of the host

A

Parasitism

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10
Q

Only one-party benefits

Parasite is dependent on the host; Thus, when the parasite dies, the human/host dies too and vice versa

A

Parasitism

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11
Q

Area of biology concerned with the phenomenon of dependence of one living organism on another

A

Parasitology

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12
Q

Scientific study of parasite, an organism that depends, and a host, an organism that provides shelter and nourishment

A

Parasitology

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13
Q

Concerned primarily with parasites of humans and their
medical significance, as well as their importance in human
communities

A

Medical Parasitology

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14
Q

What type of parasite acc to habitat that lives within the host?

A

Endoparasite

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15
Q

What type of parasite acc to habitat that are found in an organ which is not its usual habitat?

A

Ectoparasite

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16
Q

What type of parasite according to habitat is found in an organ which is not its usual habitat?

(transfers to another organ that is not its designated organ/usual habitat

A

Erratic

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17
Q

What type of parasite acc to rs between the host and a parasite that requires a host otherwise, it dies. Cannot survive/ complete life cycle without a host and needs a host to reproduce

A

Obligate Parasite

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18
Q

a parasite that may exist in a free-living state or may become parasitic when the need/ opportunity arises.

A

Facultative Parasite

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19
Q

a parasite that establishes itself in a host in which it does not usually live

A

Accidental/Incidental Parasite

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20
Q

a parasite that remains on or in the body of the host for its entire life. These parasites live forever

A

Permanent Parasite

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21
Q

a parasite that lives on the host only for a short period of time. These parasites live for a short time

A

Temporary Parasite

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22
Q

A free-living organism that passes through the digestive tract without infecting the host

A

Spurious Parasite

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23
Q

Small organisms, such as mosquitoes, which must periodically seek each other out and larger forms on which to nourish themselves

A

Intermittent Parasite

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24
Q

Parasites that visit their host during feeding time

A

Intermittent Parasite

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25
Q

It is the victim, known as the organism that provides physical protection and nourishment to the parasite

A

Host

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26
Q

End stage of the cycle -during its end stage, the parasite enters the host

A

Definitive/Final Host

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27
Q

Type of host that harbors of adult or sexually mature stage of
the parasite

A

Definitive/Final Host

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28
Q

The parasite enters the host mid-cycle.

A

Intermediate host

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29
Q

Type of hots that harbors the larval-stage or asexual forms of
the parasite

A

Intermediate Host

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30
Q

One in which the parasite does not develop further to later stages but remains alive and can infect other hosts

A

Paratenic Host

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31
Q

Parasites life cycle continues through other things/ animals

A

Reservoir Host

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32
Q

Type of parasite the produces eggs/ova

A

Oviparous

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33
Q

Type of parasite that produces larva

A

Viviparous or Larviparous

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34
Q

Host that attains sexual maturity

A

Definitive or Final Host

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35
Q

Host that harbors the asexual or larval stage of the parasite

A

Intermediate host

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36
Q

Host that harbors a particular pathogen w/p manifesting any signs and symptoms

A

Carrier

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37
Q

The ones responsible for transmitting the parasite from one host to another

A

Vectors

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38
Q

type of vector that transmits the parasite only after the parasite has completed its development within the host

A

Biological vector

39
Q

type of vector that transports the parasite without development of the parasite cycle

A

Mechanical/Phoretic vector

40
Q

What do you call the process of inoculating an infective agent?

41
Q

What do you call the establishment of the infective agent (parasite) in the host?

42
Q

What do you call the period between the infection and the evidence of symptoms?

A

Incubation period

43
Q

What do you call the period between the infection/acquisition of the parasite and the evidence or demonstration of infection?

A

Pre-patent period

44
Q

____ results when an infected individual becomes his own direct source of infection

A

Autoinfection

45
Q

_____ happens when the already infected individual is further infected with the same species leading to massive infection with the parasite

A

Superinfection or hyperinfection

46
Q

It requires further development in the soil before they become infective

A

STH (soil-transmitted Helminths)

47
Q

It requires further development within the body of a snail which serves as their intermediate host before they can become infective

A

Snail-Transmitted Group

48
Q

Where species of insects act as a vectors of parasitic diseases such as mosquitoes, sand fly, and tsetse fly

A

Arthropod-Transmitted Group

49
Q

Require further development in the flesh of some animals that man can consume

A

Animal/Food transmitted Group

50
Q

Person to person transmission wherein the parasites require no further development and are readily infective

A

Contact-Transmitted Group

51
Q

The infective person is his own source of re-exposure

A

Autoinfection

52
Q

Distribution of disease wherein a disease in human population maintains a relatively steady. moderate level

53
Q

distribution of disease wherein there is a sharp rise in the incidence or an outbreak of considerable intensity occurs

54
Q

Distribution of disease wherein the prevalence of a disease in a community is high

A

Hyperendemic

55
Q

Distribution of a diseae if it appears only occasionally in one or at most few members of a community

56
Q

Distribution of a disease if it covers an extensive area of the world

57
Q

What are the 5 modes of enttry?

A
  1. Skin penetration
  2. Congenital/Vertical Transmission
  3. Inhalation
    $. Ingestion
  4. Sexual or Venereal Route
58
Q

Method of diagnosis that is based on the recognition of characteristic signs and symptoms of the infection of disease

A

Clinical Diagnosis

59
Q

Method of diagnosis that is based on the identification of the parasite in different specimens

A

Laboratory Diagnosis

60
Q

2 types of life cycles

A

Indirect
Direct

61
Q

Life cycle that involves only the parasite and the definitive or final host

A

Direct life cycle

62
Q

Life cycle that has an intermediate host

A

Indirect life cycle

63
Q

Defined as a permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection caused by a specific agent as a result of deliberate efforts

A

Erradication

64
Q

A reduction to zero of the incidence of a specified disease in a defined geographic area as a results of deliberate efforts

A

Elimination

65
Q

A parasite that can live independently of a host and can survive in its absence

A

Facultative

66
Q

Parasite capable of producing or releasing mature eggs/segmented eggs (eggs are alr embryonated)

A

Ovoviviparous

67
Q

Also known as hermaphrodite, there is no female or male worm (no separate sexes)

A

Monoecious Parasite

68
Q

there is male and female worms

A

Dioecious Parasite

69
Q

Examples of Dioecious Parasites

A

Nematodes
Hookworms
Ascaris
Trichuiris

70
Q

Examples of Reservoir Host

A

Pigs - RH of Balantidium coli
Field Rats - RH of Paragonimus Wetermanni
Cats - RH of Brugia malayi

71
Q

Does not allow parasites’ life cycle to continue

A

Dead end host

ex. Trichinella spiralis

72
Q

What MOT that is most common, contaminated food & water.

73
Q

Examples of Oral MOT.

A

Taenia solium - undercooked pork
Taenia saginata - undercoooked beef
Dibothriocephalus latus - undercooked freshwater fish
E. histolytica
Giardia duodenalis
Clonorchis
Opistorchis
Haplorchis

74
Q

What MOT would involve larval penetration?

A

Skin penetration

75
Q

Examples of MOT Skin penentration?

A

Hookworms
Strongyloides: Filariform (IS)
Schistosoma sp.: Cercariae (IS)

76
Q

What MOT that is transmitted from the bite of a vector?

A

Arthropod Bites (vector-borne)

77
Q

Arthropod bites involving Mosquitos

A

Malaria - Anopheles mosquitos
Filariasis - Aedes and Mansonia

78
Q

Arthropod bites involving Flybites

A

Leishmaniasis - Sand flies (Phlebotomus)
African trypanosomiasis - Tsetse fly
Onchocercosis
Loiasis

79
Q

Arthropod bites involving Tickbites

A

Babesiosis - coming from the genus Ixodes

80
Q

Arthropod bites involving Bug(Reduviid)/Triatoma

A

Chagas Disease also known as American Trypanosomiasis

81
Q

What MOT is via congenital - vertical transmission, from mother to baby

A

Congenital Transmission

82
Q

Example of Congenital Transmission

A

Taxoplasma gondii

83
Q

What MOT is via breastmilk

A

Transmammary

84
Q

Example of MOT Transmammary

A

Ancylostoma and Strongyloides

85
Q

Example of MOT Inhalation

A

Enterobius Vermicularis

86
Q

Example of MOT Sexual contact

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

87
Q

It means we’re dealing with the risk or chance for the infection to happen

88
Q

Measure the risk or chance to gen an infection

89
Q

I deals with the number of cases in a particular point of time

(it will only tell the number of cases in a particular point of time; it may change)

A

Prevalence

90
Q

It refers to burden of infection which is related to the number of worms per infected person

A

Intensity of infection/ Worm burden

91
Q

Refers to the number of diseased individuals with infection

92
Q

Refers to the number of patients who died of the disease

93
Q

It is the use of anthelminthic drugs in an individual or public health program

Clinical Parasitology (9 decks)

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