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A Level Chemistry > Introduction To Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Introduction To Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Prefix for 1

A

Meth-

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2
Q

Prefix for 2

A

Eth-

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3
Q

Prefix for 3

A

Prop-

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4
Q

Prefix for 4

A

But-

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5
Q

Prefix for 5

A

Pent-

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6
Q

Prefix for 6

A

Hex-

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7
Q

Prefix for 7

A

Hept-

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8
Q

Prefix for 8

A

Oct-

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9
Q

Prefix for 9

A

Non-

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10
Q

Prefix for 10

A

Dec-

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11
Q

Hydrocarbons are what?

A

Compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen.

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12
Q

A functional group is what?

A

A group of atoms that give a family of organic compounds their characteristics.

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13
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A group of compounds with similar properties and the same general formula.

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14
Q

In what 6 ways can a organic molecule be expressed?

A 
By using:
General formula
Empirical formula
Molecular formula
Structural formula 
Displayed formula
Skeletal formula
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15
Q

Rules for naming organic compounds.

A

Identify the longest carbon chain.
Identify single or double bond carbons.
The main functional group tells you the homologous series and gives you the prefix or the suffix.
Number the carbon chain to ensure the main functional group has the lowest possible number.
Add any other side chains and name in alphabetical order quoting the carbon attached to.
For identical side chains use di-, tri-, tetra-.

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16
Q

What is an addition reaction?

A

A reaction where two or more molecules join together to form another molecule.

17
Q

What is polymerisation?

A

Many monomers join to for a long chain polymer.

18
Q

What is an elimination reaction?

A

A reaction where atoms or small groups are lost from adjacent carbon atoms leaving an unsaturated product.

19
Q

What is a substitution reaction?

A

A reaction where an atom or group is replaced by another.

20
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

A reaction where a molecule is split by adding H+ or OH-.

21
Q

What is an oxidation reaction?

A

A reaction in which a species loses electrons.

22
Q

What is a reduction reaction?

A

A reaction in which a species gains electrons.

23
Q

What are the three categories of reagents?

A

Nucleophiles.
Electrophiles.
Radicals.

24
Q

What are nucleophiles?

A

The are electron pair donors. They can either be negatively charged or have a lone pair of electrons.

25
Q

What are electrophiles?

A

They are electron pair acceptors. They can either be positively charged or have an area of electron deficiency. They are attacked by negative ions and electron rich centres.

26
Q

What are radicals?

A

They have unpaired electrons which make them very reactive. They will react with anything. As a result the products are a complete mixture.

27
Q

What is a chain isomer?

A

This is when a carbon chain gets arranged differently.

28
Q

What are position isomers?

A

These are possible when there are functional groups that can be put in different positions.

29
Q

What are functional group isomers?

A

They are structural isomers that have different functional groups leading to very different physical and chemical properties. The most obvious of these are carboxylic acids and esters.

30
Q

What are stereoisomers?

A

These have the same molecular formula and order in which they are bonded but differ in 3-D space.

31
Q

E/Z start for what?

A

E for entgegen (opposite).

Z for zusammen (same).

32
Q

Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules for stereo isomers:

A

The atom with the larger atomic number is given priority (in simple cases).
If the atoms directly bonded to the carbon are the same then you move to the next one.

33
Q

What are cis-trans isomers?

A

If the carbon atoms either side of the double bond have at least one group in common we can also call these isomers ‘cis’ or ‘trans’ isomers.

34
Q

What are cis isomers?

A

Cis isomers have the same groups on both sides of the double bond.

35
Q

What are trans isomers?

A

Trans isomers have the same groups on opposite sides of the double bond.

36
Q

What’s the difference between E/Z isomers and cis/trans isomers?

A

E/Z depends on priority.

Cis/trans isomers depend on the same group.

A Level Chemistry (13 decks)

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