Introduction to Organic Chemistry Flashcards
What is empirical formula?
The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound
What is molecular formula?
The true number of atoms of each element in a compound
What is a functional group?
A group of atoms that are responsible for characteristic reactions of a compound
What is a homologous series?
A group of compounds that contain the same functional group and have the same general formula
What are the characteristics of a homologous series?
The molecules have the same general formula, have the same functional group, differ by a CH2 group successively, show a gradation in physical properties and have similar chemical properties
What is the order naming priority?
Carboxylic acid, ester, acyl chloride, nitrile, aldehyde, ketone, alcohol, amine, alkene, halogenoalkane
What are structural isomers?
Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas
What are the 3 types of structural isomers?
Chain, position and functional group isomers
What are chain isomers?
Isomers that have different arrangements of their longest carbon chain
What are position isomers?
Isomers that have their functional group attached at different points on the carbon chain
What are functional group isomers?
Isomers that have the same molecular formula but different functional groups
What are stereoisomers?
Molecules that have the same molecular and structural formula but a different arrangement of atoms in space
What are the 2 types of stereoisomers?
E-Z and optical isomers
What causes E-Z isomers?
Restricted rotation around a planar carbon-carbon double bond means the groups attached to it can be together or apart
Where are the groups in E isomers?
On opposite sides of the double bond
Where are the groups in Z isomers?
On the same side of the double bond
What is considered to be on the same side of the double bond in E-Z isomers?
The top 2 or bottom 2 groups
How are the groups in E-Z isomerism ranked?
Using the CIP priority rules
How do you use the CIP priority rules?
Consider the atomic number of the atoms attached to the carbons in the C=C, if these are the same then consider the next atom and so on. The element with the highest atomic number takes priority
