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Chemistry 🧪 > Introduction to Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Introduction to Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Aliphatic compounds

A

Straight-chain or branched-chain organic compounds that also include cyclic organic molecules that do not contain benzene rings.

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2
Q

What are aryl compounds?

A

Compounds that contain at least 1 benzene ring.

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3
Q

Types of structural isomerism

A
  1. Position isomerism
  2. Functional group isomerism
  3. Chain isomerism
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4
Q

What is position isomerism?

A

The position of the functional group varies in the isomers.

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5
Q

What is functional group isomerism?

A

Isomers have different functional groups present.

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6
Q

What is chain isomerism?

A

The isomers differ in their carbon skeleton.

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7
Q

Types of stereoisomerism

A
  1. Geometrical isomerism (cis/trans)
  2. Optical isomerism
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8
Q

What are stereoisomers?

A

Compounds that have the same atoms bonded to each other in the same way but the arrangement of the atoms are different in three-dimensional space.

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9
Q

When is a geometrical isomer a cis or trans isomer?

A

Cis isomer is when the groups are pointed in the same direction.
Trans isomer is when the groups are pointed across from each other.

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10
Q

What is meant by reaction mechanism?

A

The series of steps that take place in the course of the overall reaction.

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11
Q

What is a homolytic fission?

A

In this reaction, both the atoms at each end of the bond will leave with one electron from the pair that formed the covalent electron.

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12
Q

Steps of a homolytic fission.

A
  1. Initiation step: formation of free radicals to start a reaction
  2. Propagation steps: steps in a mechanism that regenerates more free radicals
  3. Termination step: final step in a mechanism when two free radicals meet and form a product molecule.
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13
Q

What happens in heterolytic fission?

A

The more electronegative atom takes both the electrons in the covalent bond.

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14
Q

What are carbocations?

A

An example of electrophiles

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15
Q

Types of carbocations and name them from least to most stable.

A
  1. Primary carbocation
  2. Secondary carbocation
  3. Tertiary carbocation
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16
Q

What are primary, secondary and tertiary carbocation?

A

Primary has 2 hydrogen

Secondary has 1 hydrogen

Tertiary has no hydrogen.

17
Q

Alkyl groups have what effect?

A

Positive inductive effect.

18
Q

Why are alkyl groups called electron donating?

A

Because any alkyl groups attached to the carbon atom tend to push its electrons away from them and reduce the charge density of the positive charge on the carbocation.

19
Q

What is an electrophile?

A

A species in organic chemistry that can act as an electron pair acceptor.

20
Q

What is a nucleophile?

A

A species that can act as a pair of electron donor

21
Q

What is an electrophilic addition reaction?

A

It is a reaction in which an electron rich region in a molecule is attacked by an electrophile followed by the addition of a small molecule to give one product only.

22
Q

What is a nucleophilic substitution reaction?

A

It is a reaction in which an electron rich nucleophile displaces a halogen atom in a molecule.

23
Q

What is a nucleophilic addition reaction?

A

It is a reaction in which a nucleophile attacks an electron deficient region of a molecule followed by the addition of a small molecule to produce one product only.

24
Q

Why are some regions in a molecule electron deficient?

A

Because the more electronegative atom pulls the covalently bonded electrons towards itself.

25
Q

What substitution reaction occurs in alkane?

A

Free radical substitution reaction

26
Q

Define cracking.

A

A process in which large, less useful hydrocarbon chains are broken down into smaller, more useful hydrocarbons.

27
Q

catalyst for cracking

A

Aluminum oxide, Al2O3

28
Q

Hydrogenation reaction

A

It is an addition reaction of alkenes with hydrogen to form an alkane.

29
Q

Conditions for hydrogenation

A

• Heat
• Platinum (Pt) or nickel (Ni) catalyst

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