Introduction To Organc Chemistry Flashcards
State what you know about carbon compounds
Carbon gas 4 electrons in its outer shell so can form 4 covalent bonds
Carbon carbon bonds are very strong and non polar 347kJ/mol
Carbon hydrogen bonds are strong and relatively non polar 413 kJ/mol
Hydrocarbons are the basis of organic compounds
Carbon can form long chains or rings
What does carbon follow?
The octet rule for all of its stable compounds
It can form bonds in different ways: single,double or even triple
What is empirical formula?
Shows the simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a compound
What is molecular formula?
Shows the actual number of atoms of each element in a compound
What is displayed formula?
Shows every bond and atom that is in the molecule
Is essentially a stick diagram
What is structural formula?
Shows the unique arrangement of atoms in a molecule without the bonds
So is a quicker way
What is skeletal formula?
A simplified way of drawing organic molecules without carbon atoms being drawn or even hydrogens
How do you work out the empirical formula of a compound?
Divide the molecular formula by the highest number that goes into them all
What is a functional group?
The parts of a molecule that define it
What is a homologous series?
A series of molecules that all have the same functional group and same general formula
What can be predicted if a homologous series is known?
How a molecule will behave or react
State what you know about alkanes
Stem of the name depends on the number of carbon atoms
Saturated molecules
Hydrocarbons
General formula:CnH2n+2
State what you know about halogenoalkanes
Similar structure to alkanes
At least one hydrogen atom is replaced with a halogen atom
F,Cl,I or Br
Prefixes of: fluoro,chloro,broom,iodo
State what you know about cycloalkanes
Ring of carbon atoms with 2 hydrogens attached to each
General formula: CnH2n
Saturated compounds
2 fewer hydrogen atoms
Prefix of cycle and suffix of ane
State what you know about branched alkanes
An alkane that doesn’t have all the carbon atoms in one straight line chain
The main chain of carbon atoms so the longest chain can have one or more carbons coming off it
Branches are called alkyl groups
Same general formula of straight chain alkanes
State what you know about alkenes
A hydrocarbon with a carbon carbon double bond
General formula of CnH2n
Unsaturated molecules- reactive due to electrons being available
What does a double bond mean?
An electron rich area
The molecule can react
State what you know about alcohols
Organic molecules that contain OH or hydroxyl functional group
Suffix of ol
General formula: CnH2n+1OH
This functional group takes priority over others
Have to specify which carbon the alcohol group is on with a number
State what you know about aldehydes
At one end or both ends of the chain carbons have a double bond to an oxygen atom and a single bond to a hydrogen atom
General formula: R-CHO
Suffix is al
State what you know about ketones
Contain the carbon oxygen double bond
Isn’t at the end like an aldehyde- in the middle of the compound
General formula: R- CO- R
R are both alkyl groups which could be the same or different
Suffix of one for example propanone
State what you know about carboxylic acids
Contain a carboxyl functional group
COOH
General formula: R- COOH
R is an alkyl group which always goes on the end
How do you name chemicals?
Using IUPAC rules
What are the rules to naming chemicals?
Know the root of the compound
The syllable after the root tells us if there is a single or double bond in the compound
Add prefixes and suffixes from the root depending what else is in the compound
What is the root?
The longest unbranched hydrocarbon chain or ring
What is the syllable for a double bond?
Ene
What is the syllable if there is no double bond present?
Ane
What are side chains known as?
By a prefix
Same as the root names plus yl
What do you do for more than one substituting group?
Place them in alphabetical order
What do you do for a longer chain?
State where in the chain the functional group is
What is the case with more than one identical functional group?
Di, tri and tetra prefixes
What are isomers?
Molecules that have the same molecular formula but whose atoms are arranged differently
What are the 2 branches of isomerism?
Structural isomerism
Stereoisomerism
What is structural isomerism?
Isomers that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas
What is stereoisomerism?
Isomers that have the same structural formula but different arrangement of bonds in space
What are the 3 branches of structural isomers?
Positional isomerism
Functional group isomerism
Chain isomerism
What is positional isomerism?
The same functional groups attached to the main chain at different points
What is functional group isomerism?
Functional groups are different but made of the same atoms
What is chain isomerism?
A different arrangement of the hydrocarbon chain such as branching
What are the 2 branches of stereoisomerism?
E- Z isomerism
Optical isomerism
What is E- Z isomerism?
Tells us the positions of substituents at either side of a carbon carbon double bond
What is optical isomerism?
There are 4 different groups bonded to a carbon atom to produce a chiral carbon
What are the 3 chain isomers of C6H14?
Hexane
2- methyl pentane
3- methylpentane
2,3- dimethylbutane
What does the Z mean?
Same side of the carbon carbon double bond
What feature doesn’t make it an E-Z isomer?
If in different carbons must be on the same
What does the E mean?
On either side of the carbon carbon double bond
Different sides
What are the 3 isomers of C4H8?
But-1-ene
But-2-ene
2-methylprop-1-ene
What are the 4 structural isomers of C4H9Cl?
1-chlorobutane
2-chlorobutane
1-chloro-2-methyl propane
2-chloro-2- methyl propane
What are reaction mechanisms?
Shown by curly arrows
To denote the movement of electrons
Shows where a pair of electrons goes during the reaction
Needs to be precise
What is an addition reaction?
Reaction where a molecule joins to an unsaturated molecule to produce a saturated molecule
What does cyclic mean?
Organic compounds containing carbon rings
What is an elimination reaction?
A reaction where a molecule is lost from a saturated molecule to form an unsaturated molecule
What is an electrophile?
A lone pair acceptor
What is dehydrogenation?
Elimination of hydrogen
What is dehydration?
Elimination of water
What is a hydrocarbon?
A molecule containing hydrogen and carbon only
What is hydrogenation?
Addition of hydrogen
What is hydration?
Addition of water
What is the definition of a functional group?
The atom or group of atoms that is responsible for most of the chemical reactions of a molecule
What is the definition of a homologous series?
A family of compounds with the same general formula and similar chemical properties
Gradual change in physical properties
What is a nucleophile?
A lone pair donor
What is hydrolysis?
A reaction involving the breaking of bonds due to reaction with water
What does saturated mean?
A molecule containing no double bonds
What is a geometric isomer?
Type of stereoisomerism
Molecules which have different arrangement of groups around a carbon carbon double bond
What is a substitution reaction?
A reaction where an atom or group replaces another atom or group
What does unsaturated mean?
A molecule containing one or many double bonds
What are numbers separated by?
Commas
What are numbers and letters separated by?
Dashes
What is special about alkyl groups?
They are not functional groups
What must the longest carbon chain contain?
The functional group
From the end that gives it the lowest number
What is the priority list when numbering the chain?
Most important
Carboxylic acid
Nitrile
Aldehyde
Ketone
Alcohol
Amine
Alkene
Halogenoalkane
What are the first 4 alkyl groups?
Methyl
Ethyl
Propyl
Butyl
What is the prefix for a ketone?
Oxo
What is the prefix for an amine?
Amino
What does a double headed curly arrow represent?
The movement of s pair of electrons
From a covalent Bond- bonding pair
Or lone pair- non bonding
