Introduction To Organc Chemistry Flashcards by Imogen Weatherill

State what you know about carbon compounds

Carbon gas 4 electrons in its outer shell so can form 4 covalent bonds
Carbon carbon bonds are very strong and non polar 347kJ/mol
Carbon hydrogen bonds are strong and relatively non polar 413 kJ/mol
Hydrocarbons are the basis of organic compounds
Carbon can form long chains or rings

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What does carbon follow?

The octet rule for all of its stable compounds
It can form bonds in different ways: single,double or even triple

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What is empirical formula?

Shows the simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a compound

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What is molecular formula?

Shows the actual number of atoms of each element in a compound

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What is displayed formula?

Shows every bond and atom that is in the molecule
Is essentially a stick diagram

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What is structural formula?

Shows the unique arrangement of atoms in a molecule without the bonds
So is a quicker way

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What is skeletal formula?

A simplified way of drawing organic molecules without carbon atoms being drawn or even hydrogens

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How do you work out the empirical formula of a compound?

Divide the molecular formula by the highest number that goes into them all

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What is a functional group?

The parts of a molecule that define it

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What is a homologous series?

A series of molecules that all have the same functional group and same general formula

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What can be predicted if a homologous series is known?

How a molecule will behave or react

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State what you know about alkanes

Stem of the name depends on the number of carbon atoms
Saturated molecules
Hydrocarbons
General formula:CnH2n+2

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State what you know about halogenoalkanes

Similar structure to alkanes
At least one hydrogen atom is replaced with a halogen atom
F,Cl,I or Br
Prefixes of: fluoro,chloro,broom,iodo

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State what you know about cycloalkanes

Ring of carbon atoms with 2 hydrogens attached to each
General formula: CnH2n
Saturated compounds
2 fewer hydrogen atoms
Prefix of cycle and suffix of ane

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State what you know about branched alkanes

An alkane that doesn’t have all the carbon atoms in one straight line chain
The main chain of carbon atoms so the longest chain can have one or more carbons coming off it
Branches are called alkyl groups
Same general formula of straight chain alkanes

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State what you know about alkenes

A hydrocarbon with a carbon carbon double bond
General formula of CnH2n
Unsaturated molecules- reactive due to electrons being available

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What does a double bond mean?

An electron rich area
The molecule can react

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State what you know about alcohols

Organic molecules that contain OH or hydroxyl functional group
Suffix of ol
General formula: CnH2n+1OH
This functional group takes priority over others
Have to specify which carbon the alcohol group is on with a number

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State what you know about aldehydes

At one end or both ends of the chain carbons have a double bond to an oxygen atom and a single bond to a hydrogen atom
General formula: R-CHO
Suffix is al

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State what you know about ketones

Contain the carbon oxygen double bond
Isn’t at the end like an aldehyde- in the middle of the compound
General formula: R- CO- R
R are both alkyl groups which could be the same or different
Suffix of one for example propanone

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State what you know about carboxylic acids

Contain a carboxyl functional group
COOH
General formula: R- COOH
R is an alkyl group which always goes on the end

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How do you name chemicals?

Using IUPAC rules

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What are the rules to naming chemicals?

Know the root of the compound
The syllable after the root tells us if there is a single or double bond in the compound
Add prefixes and suffixes from the root depending what else is in the compound

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What is the root?

The longest unbranched hydrocarbon chain or ring

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What is the syllable for a double bond?

Ene

What is the syllable if there is no double bond present?

Ane

What are side chains known as?

By a prefix Same as the root names plus yl

What do you do for more than one substituting group?

Place them in alphabetical order

What do you do for a longer chain?

State where in the chain the functional group is

What is the case with more than one identical functional group?

Di, tri and tetra prefixes

What are isomers?

Molecules that have the same molecular formula but whose atoms are arranged differently

What are the 2 branches of isomerism?

Structural isomerism Stereoisomerism

What is structural isomerism?

Isomers that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas

What is stereoisomerism?

Isomers that have the same structural formula but different arrangement of bonds in space

What are the 3 branches of structural isomers?

Positional isomerism Functional group isomerism Chain isomerism

What is positional isomerism?

The same functional groups attached to the main chain at different points

What is functional group isomerism?

Functional groups are different but made of the same atoms

What is chain isomerism?

A different arrangement of the hydrocarbon chain such as branching

What are the 2 branches of stereoisomerism?

E- Z isomerism Optical isomerism

What is E- Z isomerism?

Tells us the positions of substituents at either side of a carbon carbon double bond

What is optical isomerism?

There are 4 different groups bonded to a carbon atom to produce a chiral carbon

What are the 3 chain isomers of C6H14?

Hexane 2- methyl pentane 3- methylpentane 2,3- dimethylbutane

What does the Z mean?

Same side of the carbon carbon double bond

What feature doesn’t make it an E-Z isomer?

If in different carbons must be on the same

What does the E mean?

On either side of the carbon carbon double bond Different sides

What are the 3 isomers of C4H8?

But-1-ene But-2-ene 2-methylprop-1-ene

What are the 4 structural isomers of C4H9Cl?

1-chlorobutane 2-chlorobutane 1-chloro-2-methyl propane 2-chloro-2- methyl propane

What are reaction mechanisms?

Shown by curly arrows To denote the movement of electrons Shows where a pair of electrons goes during the reaction Needs to be precise

What is an addition reaction?

Reaction where a molecule joins to an unsaturated molecule to produce a saturated molecule

What does cyclic mean?

Organic compounds containing carbon rings

What is an elimination reaction?

A reaction where a molecule is lost from a saturated molecule to form an unsaturated molecule

What is an electrophile?

A lone pair acceptor

What is dehydrogenation?

Elimination of hydrogen

What is dehydration?

Elimination of water

What is a hydrocarbon?

A molecule containing hydrogen and carbon only

What is hydrogenation?

Addition of hydrogen

What is hydration?

Addition of water

What is the definition of a functional group?

The atom or group of atoms that is responsible for most of the chemical reactions of a molecule

What is the definition of a homologous series?

A family of compounds with the same general formula and similar chemical properties Gradual change in physical properties

What is a nucleophile?

A lone pair donor

What is hydrolysis?

A reaction involving the breaking of bonds due to reaction with water

What does saturated mean?

A molecule containing no double bonds

What is a geometric isomer?

Type of stereoisomerism Molecules which have different arrangement of groups around a carbon carbon double bond

What is a substitution reaction?

A reaction where an atom or group replaces another atom or group

What does unsaturated mean?

A molecule containing one or many double bonds

What are numbers separated by?

Commas

What are numbers and letters separated by?

Dashes

What is special about alkyl groups?

They are not functional groups

What must the longest carbon chain contain?

The functional group From the end that gives it the lowest number

What is the priority list when numbering the chain?

Most important Carboxylic acid Nitrile Aldehyde Ketone Alcohol Amine Alkene Halogenoalkane

What are the first 4 alkyl groups?

Methyl Ethyl Propyl Butyl

What is the prefix for a ketone?

Oxo

What is the prefix for an amine?

Amino

What does a double headed curly arrow represent?

The movement of s pair of electrons From a covalent Bond- bonding pair Or lone pair- non bonding