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SP Anatomy Test One > Introduction to Neuroanatomy and Gross Brain Structure > Flashcards

Introduction to Neuroanatomy and Gross Brain Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three subdivisions of the brain?

A

Cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem

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2
Q

What are the two divisions of the cerebrum?

A

Cerebral hemispheres (that are separated by longitudinal fissure) and the diencephalon

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3
Q

What are the two names for nerve cell bodies?

A

Nucleus and Ganglion

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4
Q

Axons in the central nervous system have what three names?

A

Tract, lemniscus, and peduncle

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5
Q

Axons in the peripheral nervous system are called what?

A

Nerve

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6
Q

Ipsilateral means what?

A

Same side of

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7
Q

Contralateral means what?

A

Opposite side of

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8
Q

Bilateral means what?

A

Both sides

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9
Q

What is a decussation?

A

Connections of dissimilar areas of the brain

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10
Q

What is a commisure?

A

Connections of similar areas of the brain

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11
Q

What are three small neurotransmitters?

A

Glutamate, GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), and acetylcholine ACh

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12
Q

What are three monoamine neurotransmitters?

A

Dopamine, norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine, and serotonin (5-HT)

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13
Q

What are two neuropeptide neurotransmitters?

A

ACTH and substance P

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14
Q

What are the 5 lobes of each cerebral hemisphere?

A

Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, and limbic

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15
Q

What are the 4 general functional areas of the frontal lobe?

A

Precentral gyrus, Premotor and supplemental motor areas, Broca’s area, and the prefrontal cortex

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16
Q

What does the precentral gyrus do?

A

This is the primary motor cortex, the origin of the descending motor pathway, and initiates voluntary movement

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17
Q

What are the premotor and supplemental motor areas?

A

Parts of precentral, and nearby portions of superior and middle frontal gyri

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18
Q

Where is Broca’s area?

A

Inferior frontal gyrus of one hemisphere (usually left)

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19
Q

What does Broca’s area do?

A

Is involved in production of written and spoken language

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20
Q

What does the prefrontal cortex do?

A

Allows executive function (personality, foresight, insight)

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21
Q

What are the three lateral surfaces of the parietal lobe?

A

Postcentral gyrus, superior parietal lobe, inferior parietal lobe

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22
Q

What are the two medial surfaces of the parietal lobe?

A

Precunus and paracentral lobe

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23
Q

The postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe serves what function?

A

Is the primary somatosensory cortex, concerned with initial processing of tactile and proprioceptive information

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24
Q

The inferior parietal lobule of one hemisphere (typically left) serves what function?

A

Language comprehension

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25
Q

What are the three lateral surfaces of the temporal lobe?

A

Superior temporal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, inferior temporal gyrus

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26
Q

What is the inferior surface of the temporal lobe?

A

Occipitotemporal (fusiform) gyrus

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27
Q

What are the four main functions of the temporal lobe?

A

Primary auditory cortex, language comprehension, higher order visual processing, and learning and memory

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28
Q

What is the lateral surface of the occipital lobe?

A

Lateral occipital gyri (surface is variable)

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29
Q

What are the two medial surfaces of the occipital lobe?

A

Cuneus and lingual gyrus

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30
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

Almost exclusively in visual function

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31
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex?

A

In banks of calcarine sulcus and a bit of surrounding cortex

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32
Q

The limbic lobe consists mainly of what two things?

A

Cingulate and parahippocampal gyri

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33
Q

The limbic system is important in what?

A

Emotional responses, drive related behaviors, and memory

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34
Q

Where is the insula located?

A

Deep in the lateral sulcus and is covered by frontal, parietal, and temporal opercula

35
Q

What are the 4 divisions of the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus

36
Q

No sensory information except olfaction reaches the cerebral cortex without a stop first in what structure?

A

The thalamus

37
Q

The thalamus is involved in motor system neural circuits which are loops that involve what?

A

The cerebellum and basal ganglia

38
Q

The hypothalamus is separated from the thalamus by what?

A

Hypothalamic sulcus in wall of the third ventricle

39
Q

What structure connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary?

A

Infundibular stalk

40
Q

What are the three subdivisions of the brain stem?

A

Midbrain, pons, and medulla

41
Q

Which cranial nerve is not attached to the brainstem?

A

Cranial nerve I

42
Q

What is cranial nerve I?

A

Olfactory nerve

43
Q

What is cranial nerve II?

A

Optic nerve

44
Q

What is cranial nerve III?

A

Oculomotor nerve

45
Q

Where does cranial nerve III emerge from?

A

Interpeduncular fossa

46
Q

What is cranial nerve IV?

A

Trochlear nerve

47
Q

What is the only nerve to emerge from the dorsal aspect of the brain stem?

A

CN IV

48
Q

What is cranial nerve V?

A

Trigeminal nerve

49
Q

What is cranial nerve VI?

A

Abducens nerve

50
Q

What is cranial nerve VII?

A

Facial nerve

51
Q

What is cranial nerve VIII?

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve

52
Q

CN VIII emerges from what?

A

Cerebellopontine angle

53
Q

What is CN IX?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

54
Q

What is CN X?

A

Vagus nerve

55
Q

What is CN XI?

A

Accessory nerve

56
Q

Where does CN XI emerge from?

A

From upper cervical spinal cord, ascends into skull then reverses and goes back into neck

57
Q

What is CN XII?

A

Hypoglossal nerve

58
Q

What are the cranial nerves of the midbrain?

A

III and IV

59
Q

What are the cranial nerves of the pons?

A

V, VI, VII, and VIII

60
Q

What are the cranial nerves of the medulla?

A

IX, X, XI, and XII

61
Q

What is the vermis?

A

The most medial aspect of the cerebellum and occurs at the midline

62
Q

CSF is produced by what?

A

Choroid plexus in the ventricles

63
Q

What structures reabsorb CSF?

A

Arachnoid villi into the venous system

64
Q

CSF pressure is greater or less than venous pressure?

A

CSF pressure

65
Q

What are the three meningeal layers?

A

Dura mater (outer most, toughest), arachnoid mater, and pia mater (inner most)

66
Q

Between what layers of meninges is CSF found?

A

Between arachnoid and pia

67
Q

The arachnoid and pia mater are collectively refered to as what?

A

Leptomeninges

68
Q

Epidural hematomas are generally aterial or venous?

A

Aterial

69
Q

Subdural hematomas are generally aterial or venous?

A

Venous

70
Q

The anterior cerebral artery supplies what?

A

Medial parts of frontal and parietal lobes

71
Q

The ACA are connected by what?

A

Anterior communicating artery

72
Q

The middle cerebral artery supplies what?

A

Most of lateral cerebral hemispheres

73
Q

What are the arteries that arise from basically all arteries at the base of the brain?

A

Perforating arteries

74
Q

The vertebral arteries fuse into what artery along the pons?

A

Basilar artery

75
Q

Each vertebral artery gives rise to what three structures?

A

Posterior spinal artery, anterior spinal artery, and posterior inferior cerebellar artery PICA

76
Q

Posterior spinal artery supplies what?

A

Posterior 1/3 of spinal cord

77
Q

Anterior spinal artery supplies what?

A

These join together at the midline to form one artery that supplies anterior 2/3 of spinal cord

78
Q

PICA supplies what?

A

Supplies inferior cerebellum and lateral medulla

79
Q

The basilar artery bifurcates at the midline and forms what?

A

2 posterior cerebellar arteries (PCA’s)

80
Q

Prior to the basilar artery bifurcation, it gives rise to what two arteries?

A

Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) and superior cerebellar artery (SCA)

81
Q

AICA supplies what?

A

Supplies anterior portions of the inferior surface of cerebellum (flocculus) and caudal pons

82
Q

SCA supplies what?

A

Supplies superior cerebellum, caudal midbrain and rostral pons

83
Q

The PCA supplies what?

A

Branches supply medial and inferior surfaces of temporal and occipital lobes, branches also go to rostral midbrain and posterior diencephalon

84
Q

The blood brain barrier includes what?

A

Barrier includes arachnoid, endothelial tight junctions and lack of pinocytic vesicles

SP Anatomy Test One (2 decks)

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